病虫害发生量英文

The pest on the earth has increased .

大青枣的主要病虫害有：白粉病、介壳虫、松毛虫、果绳等。

1、台湾大青枣又称台湾甜枣，学名为毛叶枣，为常绿小乔木，是由印度毛叶枣经台湾育种家多代改良选育而成的优良水果品种。台湾青枣果大，肉厚核细，外形美观、营养丰富。据测定：每100克鲜果肉含碳水化合物18-23克，粗蛋白0.86克，维生素C50-85毫克，维生素A1、B1、B2、K等含量也相当丰富。果糖和葡萄糖含量达11-16%，可溶性固形物达14-20%。此外，还含有磷、钙、铁、钾、锌等微量元素。台湾青枣不寒不热，具有清凉、解毒、镇静等功效，尤其适合小孩、老人食用。

2、白粉病，自幼苗到抽穗均可发病。主要为害小麦叶片，也为害茎和穗子。在叶片上开始产生黄色小点，而后扩大发展成圆形或椭圆形病斑，表面生有白色粉状霉层。一般情况下部叶片比上部叶片多，叶片背面比正面多。霉斑早期单独分散，后联合成一个大霉斑，甚至可以覆盖全叶，严重影响光合作用，使正常新陈代谢受到干扰，造成早衰，产量受到损失

3、介壳虫是同翅目，盾蚧科的昆虫，雌虫无翅，足和触角均退化；雄虫有一对柔翅，足和触角发达，刺吸式口器。大多数虫体上备有蜡纸分泌物，即介壳。介壳虫全世界已知有6000多种，我国记载的介壳虫有14科650多种，其中有160多种被认为是农业害虫，常见于卉和果树上，常群集于枝、叶、果上，吸取植物汁液为生，严重时会造成枝条凋萎或全株死亡。常见的有吹绵蚧、樟蚌圆盾蚧、糠片蚧、朝鲜球坚蚧、桑白蚧、康氏粉蚧等6种

4、松毛虫 是 鳞翅目 枯叶蛾科松毛虫属昆虫的统称。又名毛虫、火毛虫，古称松蚕，共有 30 余种， 我国分布有 27 种，是松毛虫 种类最丰富的国家 [1] 。食害松类、柏类 杉类等重要树种。中国最早的记载见于1530年广东《龙川县志》：“明嘉靖九年，大旱时连年发生，毛黑，食 松叶尽而立枯，作茧松枝上，冬末乃化尽。”至今，松毛虫仍是森林害虫中发生量大、危害面广的主要森林害虫

5、果蝇英文俗名fruit fly或vinegar fly ，广泛地存在于全球温带及热带气候区，而且由于其主食为腐烂的水果，因此在人类的栖息地内如果园，菜市场等地区内皆可见其踪迹。除了南北极外，至少有1000个以上的果蝇物种被发现，大部分的物种以腐烂的水果或植物体为食，少部分则只取用真菌，树液或花粉为其食物

参考资料

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Basic information Sunflower (English: Sunflower scientific name: Helianthus annuus Japanese name: ヒ マ ワ リ), alias Xiangyang Hua, is a can-shaped up to 3 meters of the annual sunflower species of Compositae. The plate-type inflorescence can be 30 cm wide. Inflorescence with the sun due to the rotation of the name. Sunflower stems can be up to 3 meters, flower head can reach 30 cm

Sunflower (English: Sunflower Helianthus annuus scientific name: Japanese name: ヒ マ ワ リ), alias xiangyanghua, is a type of up to three meters of large scale annual compositae Sunflower plant. The disc inflorescence can kuanda 30 centimeters. Because the inflorescence with sun rotating the name. Sunflower stems can last for 3 meters, the composite can reach 30 centimeters.Morphological characteristics1 was born in herb, 1 ~ 3 meters high. (for hybrids also have half a metre high. Vertical stem, stout, rounded edges and corners, be more white thick hard wool. Leaves alternate, usually heart shapeOvate or ovoid, apex acuminate, sharp ashdod or a gileadite from 3 arteries and veins, with thick serrated edge, two sides coarse, coat, having a long handle. Inflorescence, great, 10 ~ 30 cm in diameter, solitary in stem top or branch end, often downward inclined. Total bracts multilayer, leaf qualitative, overburden tegular arrangement, by long horklumps, summer flowering, inflorescence edge born yellow tongue fluted, without fruit. Inflorescence of central for both sexes GuanZhuangHua, brown or purple, strong. Fruit an achene, obovate or oval oblong, slightly compressed pressure, peel woodiness optimization, grey or black color, commonly known as sunflower seeds. Sexual xi warm, drought. Originated from North America, all over the world are cultivated.Sunflower component partsSunflower plant by roots, stems and leaves, flowers, fruits five parts. (a) the root sunflower, lateral root and commercial taproot regarding composition. Taproot acorns deep, it is commonly 100 to 200 centimeters; Lateral root from taproot horizontal direction on brought forth, grow. Lateral root grows on many regarding. Lateral root regarding bears the hair. Sunflower root developed in soil wide distribution and deep, including some 60% of the root distribution in 0 ~ 40 centimeters in soil. Sunflower root growth rate has been than stem fast, anxle before and after the formation of the fastest, root growth to seeds begin to maturity, root no longer grow, after he gradually wither. In addition, in suitable conditions can grow large amounts of water roots (like corn gas root). (2), erect stems stalks circular rough surface and have bristles. Stem by cortex, xylem and spongy marrow component. Growth anaphase, stalks, and stems of woodiness hip is formed within the hollow. Sunflower, the embryo stem with green, Dan zi, deep purple etc, it is an important symbol of seedling recognition varieties. Stem height, different types of varieties, the same breed bigger differences, height by sowing and cultivation condition the influence, difference is very big also. Stem's growth rate from budding to flowering to grow the fastest, at the height of the total height about 55%, later growth slowed, only 5% or so. Sunflower branch of the sex, one kind is decided by genetic after one kind is caused by environmental conditions. (3) leaves sunflower leaves into cotyledons and true leaf. Cotyledons couple. True leaf in the stem bottom 1 ~ 3 quarter is often opposite, above is alternate. True leaf is relatively large, hairy, and petiole bears the short and hard bristle, and reviewed a waxy layer. Leaf number for varieties vary, precocious kind of general for 25 ~ 32 pieces, mature for 33 ~ 40 sheets. Stem the lower leaves in before blossomming food-making, main supply root growth, when its function basically end flowering. Upper the blade manufacture nutrient main supply anxle prompted seed formation. (4) flower sunflower for inflorescence, bears in the stem apex, commonly known as the plates. Its shape is convex, flatten and concave under three types. There are two anxle flowers, namely tongue fluted and GuanZhuangHua. Tongue fluted 1 ~ 3 layers, bears the anxle around the edge, for asexual flowers. Because of its color and size varies, there are varieties, weak yellow, orange and purple, have deceived insects come flower-counting pollination effect. GuanZhuangHua, located in tongue fluted inside, for both sexes flowers. Corolla color has yellow, brown, dark purple, etc. (5) fruit, fruit for fruit an achene habit called seeds. Fruit including peel, kind of skin, cotyledons and embryos four parts. Edible type seeds longer, peel black and white stripe majority, peel thick, accounting for approximately seeds weight of 40%, and 1000-grain weight of 100 to 200 grams. Oil is short, with type seeds for black rind, thin skin, about seeds weight of 20% ~ 30% and 1000-grain weight 40 ~ 110 grams.Recorded in the ancientSunflower about in the Ming dynasty introduced to China, and now know the earliest recorded sunflower literature for the Ming dynasty people WangXiangJin with the qunfang spectrum "(1621), the book there's" sunflowers "a, only in the HuaPu three * chrysanthemum" in the attached "zhangs chrysanthemum"; the original is as follows: "zhangs chrysanthemum - name this zavan chrysanthemum - name meet Yang flower, stem long more than 100zhang Kennedy, such as bamboo culm coarse linen, how straight inproper born, although have branches, and only give birth to a large flowers such as dish dishes, single color yellow heart all make life such as the honeycomb shape, to fall gradually purple black and strong, take the son of very easily, flower toxic can abortion". "The name of the dispute", in the WenZhenHeng ChangWu volunteers "(about 1635 years). 1820 XieFang in the flowers and trees small ambition "in speech is full of sunflower, already but viewing, and edible. Explain sunflowers in China widely planted.The poet's sunflower psalmSuccessive poet, write a sunflowers psalm opposite less, every scholarships-from and, more loyal thought: "reposing in flowers for beauty, men have coring dispute. Gu loyal servant, if such a virtuous adjectivals." Lee Zan of these four poem, can be represented. The formation of his poems in summer the guest has: "no more LiuXu because of the wind, but the sunflower dispute pour." Xu HuaMing volunteers tells of personality. "Sunflower", Canon out dispute pour the three · Chen WangZhi biography: "if the sloping leaves, kwai herb sun although not for the return of light, but eventually to those cheng also." Du fu also has "kwai herb pour the sun, petrophysical property solid mo takes" verse. Qi chuas "sunflower" or "most frets point in Chen Dan, not for setting the shadow will move." LiuChangQing "to sing wall Yin kwai" cloud: "here often WuRi, qing qing alone in Yin. The sun is not inferior, the partial weiyuan." For loyal sunflower justifications, was so thoughtful.Growth habitSunflower four seasons are acceptable, mainly in summer and winter seasons give priority to. Flowering can reach two weeks or more. Sunflower except appearance resembles the sun outside, her flowers bright and easy, suitable for viewing place adorn, her seeds have economic value, not only can finish popular sunflower seed, more but pre-pressed low cholesterol senior edible oil arrived. Sunflower varieties can be divided into general ornamental USES "breed or" edible "varieties, general ornamental plants with varietal character for more