旧金山英文导游词

你不是要介绍旧金山的文章吗，这儿有一篇。San Francisco San Francisco is an exciting and beautiful city. It rises on a steep, hilly peninsula between the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay in western California. The strait between these two bodies of water is known as the Golden Gate. San Francisco Bay is one of the finest natural harbors in the world. Its port facilities handle much of the West Coast's import and export trade. And the city of San Francisco is often regarded as the gateway to the Far East. San Francisco is important in both banking and insurance. It is also the western headquarters of the communications industry, as well as a variety of manufacturing and processing businesses. San Francisco is the home of about 680,000 people. Together with Oakland, across the bay, it is the center of a metropolitan area of five times that number. San Francisco's population long has been a cross section of the world's. People came from all over the globe, from the east and west, and settled in this cosmopolitan city. More than 60,000 of its citizens are of Chinese origin. Russian Hill was named for the nationality of the people who lived there in early days. There are also many persons of German, Irish, Italian, Mexican, Filipino, and English origin. From the Twin Peaks, which dominate the center of the city, one looks straight down Market Street to the bay. Another magnificent view is from Coit Memorial Tower on Telephone Hill. From there it is possible to see the entrance to the bay, the cities on its eastern side, and the great span of the Golden Gate Bridge. San Francisco's famous Chinatown -- the largest in the United States -- is along Grant Avenue and nearby streets. It is a colorful district of Chinese shops, restaurants, and temples. Institutions of higher education in the city include San Francisco State University and the University of San Francisco. The original campus of the University of California is in Berkeley, just across the bay. Among the city's notable museums are the California Palace of the Legion of Honor, located in a spectacular setting overlooking the Pacific Ocean, and the Museum of Modern Art, in the downtown Civic Center. After having to start this guide the past few years with the announcement that San Francisco is still recovering from the repercussions of the dot.com crash, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, a dramatic influx of new residents (up 13% since the '90s), and the general economic strains of 2002 and 2003, there's great news to report: San Francisco has definitely been on an upswing. Of course, even during harder times, the City by the Bay was still a fantastic place to visit. So much so, in fact, that in late 2004 it was ranked the #1 American city by Condé Nast Traveler readers for the twelfth year in a row. Even if you've never been to San Francisco, you probably already have an idea of some of its classic offerings: stunning bay vistas, Victorian architecture, swank boutiques, killer restaurants, walkable beaches, those oh-so-charming cable cars, the trademark dash of liberalism, and only-in-San Francisco style (remember the gay marriages of 2004?), all of which is tightly tucked into about 7 miles squared. The recent changes -- new restaurants and hotels, renovated museums, an overall sense of optimism -- may not seem apparent to the first-time visitor, but to us locals it's obvious and very welcome: The city feels exciting again. So, what can you expect from the country's most romantic European-style city, which was founded on -- and still revels in -- the pioneers' boom-or-bust lifestyle? Whatever your heart desires! Like an eternal world's fair, it's all happening in San Francisco, and everyone's invited. The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake The California earthquake of April 18, 1906 ranks as one of the most significant earthquakes of all time. Today, its importance comes more from the wealth of scientific knowledge derived from it than from its sheer size. Rupturing the northernmost 296 miles (477 kilometers) of the San Andreas fault from northwest of San Juan Bautista to the triple junction at Cape Mendocino, the earthquake confounded contemporary geologists with its large, horizontal displacements and great rupture length. Indeed, the significance of the fault and recognition of its large cumulative offset would not be fully appreciated until the advent of plate tectonics more than half a century later. Analysis of the 1906 displacements and strain in the surrounding crust led Reid (1910) to formulate his elastic-rebound theory of the earthquake source, which remains today the principal model of the earthquake cycle. At almost precisely 5:12 a.m., local time, a foreshock occurred with sufficient force to be felt widely throughout the San Francisco Bay area. The great earthquake broke loose some 20 to 25 seconds later, with an epicenter near San Francisco. Violent shocks punctuated the strong shaking which lasted some 45 to 60 seconds. The earthquake was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada. The highest Modified Mercalli Intensities (MMI's) of VII to IX paralleled the length of the rupture, extending as far as 80 kilometers inland from the fault trace. One important characteristic of the shaking intensity noted in Lawson's (1908) report was the clear correlation of intensity with underlying geologic conditions. Areas situated in sediment-filled valleys sustained stronger shaking than nearby bedrock sites, and the strongest shaking occurred in areas where ground reclaimed from San Francisco Bay failed in the earthquake. Modern seismic-zonation practice accounts for the differences in seismic hazard posed by varying geologic conditions. As a basic reference about the earthquake and the damage it caused, geologic observations of the fault rupture and shaking effects, and other consequences of the earthquake, the Lawson (1908) report remains the authoritative work, as well as arguably the most important study of a single earthquake. In the public's mind, this earthquake is perhaps remembered most for the fire it spawned in San Francisco, giving it the somewhat misleading appellation of the "San Francisco earthquake". Shaking damage, however, was equally severe in many other places along the fault rupture. The frequently quoted value of 700 deaths caused by the earthquake and fire is now believed to underestimate the total loss of life by a factor of 3 or 4. Most of the fatalities occurred in San Francisco, and 189 were reported elsewhere.

The Golden Gate Bridge (这个大桥叫“金门大桥”） The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning over 1,280 meters to connect San Fransisco to the surrounding northern Californian counties. The bridge was the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time of its completion in 1937 up until 1964. The bridge stands 67 meters above the water, with its towers reaching 227 meters above the water. The live load capacity is 1,814.4 kg/lineal foot with a maximum center span downward deflection of 3.3 meters. Each of the 2 main support cables has a diameter of 0.92 meters and is 2,332 meters long. 129,000 kilometers of wire is used in each cable. The Golden Gate Bridge took 4 years to build. Glare-free goggles and an early version of hard hats were used for the first time in the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge. Safety nets were also suspended below the bridge from end to end. The nets saved the lives of 19 men who were from then on known as members of the Half Way to Hell Club. Although 11 men died during the construction of the bridge, this was a distinct improvement over most construction projects of the time. The bridge has been closed on 3 occasions due to extremely high wind speeds, but withstood the onslaughts all 3 times. In 1989 an earthquake measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale forced the San Fransisco / Oakland Bay Bridge to close, but the Golden Gate Bridge was able to stay open. The original paint on the Golden Gate Bridge lasted 27 years until 1965 when concern over the high salt and moisture content in the air became a concern. In 1969 a sand blasting project was initiated to remove the old lead based paint and to repair corrosion. A lead-free primer and top coat were then applied to protect the bridge from corrosion and adhere to environmental regulations. The project was completed in 1996. Recent updates to the Golden Gate Bridge include Seismic Refitting, the installation of a movable barrier between oncoming lanes of traffic, a safety railing, suicide deterrent screens, and cable restoration. 翻译： 金 门 大 桥 金门大桥是跨度超过1280m的悬索桥，它把旧金山和加利副尼亚北部周围的县连接起来，该桥从1937年建成到1964年一直是当时世界上最长的悬索桥。它距离水面67m，其塔高出水面达到227m。活载承载能力为18144kpa/inch，最大中间跨度向下倾斜3.3m。两个支撑的主索每个直径0.92m，长2332m，每个用了129000千米的金属丝。金门大桥的施工用了4年时间。 金门大桥在早期施工阶段采用了（Glare-free goggles and an early version of hard hats ？）施工法，从桥的这端到那端安全网也悬挂在桥的下面，该网救了从那以后被看作是通过公路去地狱俱乐部的19个人的命，但是仍有11人在施工过程中丧生，这相对那时许多建筑工程是一个很明显的进步。 金门大桥由于很大的风速而关闭过3次，但是抵住了所有3次冲击。在1989年一次测量为里氏7.1级地震迫使旧金山/奥克兰海湾桥关闭，然而金门大桥一直能够保持畅通。 金门大桥上原来的油漆持续了27年，一直到1965年考虑到空气中过高的盐分和潮湿的厉害关系，在1969年一个沙滩爆破项目被发动来移除旧的铅装置油漆，并且修补腐蚀的地方。一个释放的铅雷管和顶层油漆随后被装置来保护桥免于侵蚀，并且符合环境规章。该工程于1996年完成。 近来对金门大桥更新材料包括地震的改装，该装置是一个在将来交通的通道、安全的扶手、自杀威慑屏和缆索复位之间可活动的栅栏。

Fisherman's Wharf is a neighborhood and popular tourist attraction in San Francisco , California . It roughly encompasses the northern waterfront area of San Francisco from Ghirardelli Square or Van Ness Avenue east to Pier 35 or Kearny Street. The F Market streetcar runs through the area, the Powell-Hydecable car lines runs to Aquatic Park, at the edge of Fisherman's Wharf, and the Powell-Mason cable car line runs a few blocks away.Fisherman's Wharf gets its name and neighborhood characteristics from the city's early days during the Gold Rush when Italian immigrant fishermen settled in the area and fished for the Dungeness crab.From then until the present day it remained the home base of San Francisco's fishing fleet. Despite its redevelopment into a tourist attraction during the 1970s and 1980s, the area is still home to many active fishermen and their fleets. In 2010, a $15,000,000 development plan was proposed by city officials hoping to revitalize its appearance for tourists, and to reverse the area's downward trend in popularity among San Francisco residents, who have shunned the locale over the years.One of the busiest and well known tourist attractions in the western United States, Fisherman's Wharf is best known for being the location of Pier 39, San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, the Cannery Shopping Center, Ghirardelli Square, a Ripley's Believe it or Not museum, the Musée Mécanique, the Wax Museum at Fisherman's Wharf, The floating Forbes Island restaurant and restaurants and stands that serve fresh seafood, most notably Dungeness crab and clam chowder served in a sourdough bread bowl. Some of the restaurants, including Fishermen's Grotto, Pompei's Grotto and Alioto's, go back for three generations of the same family ownership. Nearby Pier 45 has a chapel in memory of the "Lost Fishermen" of San Francisco andNorthern California.Other attractions in Fisherman's Wharf area are the Hyde Street Pier which is part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, the USS Pampanito, a decommissioned World War II era submarine, and the Balclutha, a 19th century cargo ship.Fisherman's Wharf plays host to many San Francisco events, including a world-class fireworks display for Fourth of July, and some of the best views of the Fleet Week air shows.One of the city's most popular figures is a harmless but controversial resident of Fisherman's Wharf called theWorld Famous Bushman, a local street performer who sits behind some branches and startles people who walk by. He has gained notoriety during the 30 years he has been doing this.

Room One: San Francisco in the New CenturyThe dawn of the twentieth century was a time of great hope and prosperity in Northern California. Everyone was looking forward to the new century that would surely be the greatest in the American West's very short history. Few looked backward to the Native American tales of movements of the earth, the fires that had destroyed San Francisco numerous times in mid-nineteenth century, and the destructive earthquakes of 1865 and 1868 in the Bay Area. There were a few muted warnings. A catalogue of prior earthquakes in California was published in 1898 by the Smithsonian Institution, but few libraries bothered to stock it. The fire chief wanted a backup water system and the insurance industry thought it was "inevitable" that the city would again burn to the ground. Life went blithely on in the "queen city" of the West. With a population of 400,000, San Francisco was the largest city in California and the economic capital of the West. The buildings were the tallest, the restaurants the finest, the entertainment, the most risque, and the factories the most productive. Not all were well off, however. One in three inhabitants were foreign born. Immigrants from southern Europe and Asia were swelling the population and providing cheap labor. On the evening of April 17, 1906 the greatest single display of visible wealth in the West adorned the audience assembled at the Grand Opera House on Mission Street to hear the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso sing. The weather was unusually balmy. Carriages and a few belching automobiles arrived at the entrance and disgorged their passengers. The jewels sparkled. The fashionable, high-necked gowns were vibrant. The men traded jests in the foyer while smoking between acts. Supper was taken after the opera. A newspaper reporter trudging home in the early morning hours of Wednesday, April 18th noticed that the horses stabled at Powell and Mason Streets seemed unusually restless. Grand Opera: The 1906 SeasonSan Francisco had long been a haven for creativity, as literature, photography, fine arts, and music all flourished there. The economic boom of the 1890s lent the bohemian city a gaiety that did not disappear at the turn of the century: With fortunes made and money flowing, wealthier San Franciscans turned their attention to culture. They were determined to refine their city's reputation and make it a recognized center for the arts. Their efforts were rewarded with the engagement of the Metropolitan Opera Company's production of Bizet's "Carmen." Staged the evening of April 17, 1906 at the Grand Opera House on Mission Street, "Carmen" was the most exciting cultural event of the season. The renowned tenor Enrico Caruso played the character of Don Jose; famed soprano Olive Fremstad was cast in the title role. The Grand Opera House program for its 1906 season reflected the economic prosperity and high level of cultural interest prevalent in San Francisco at the time. Its cover is a stylish rendering of a couple in evening clothes, the woman in a long white dress and veil and the man in top hat and dress suit. The profusion of advertisements for material goods highlight the city's burgeoning consumer demands. Wealthy citizens had the funds, leisure, and inclination to don their best and patronize highbrow entertainment. Tickets to that evening's performance were expensive and difficult to find; their stubs marked both social standing and seat reservationsWealth and the WealthyMark Hopkins and Leland Stanford were one half of "The Big Four," industrial barons who made their fortunes through railroads (the other two members were Charles Crocker and Collis P. Huntington). During the 1870s, Stanford and Hopkins built enormous, ostentatious mansions on San Francisco's Nob Hill, a neighborhood dominated by the very rich. The two men personified San Francisco's easy-come economy, and they intended their houses as public monuments to their wealth and power. Completed in 1876, Stanford's residence consisted of 50 rooms and housed an art collection worth an estimated $2 million. Next door was the Hopkins home. Finished in 1878 after Hopkins' death, it was an artless melange of architectural styles that featured a profusion of spires, turrets, and other gingerbread details. Stanford and Hopkins were both long dead by 1906, but their mansions remained as examples of the conspicuous consumption that colored San Francisco's already colorful reputation. On a more somber note, the buildings also symbolized the wide gap between social classes that only a great calamity could possibly narrow. The Growth in PopulationDue to increased foreign immigration and the rise of domestic industry, American cities experienced a population boom in the late 19th century. San Francisco was no exception. Its population had been increasing exponentially since the Gold Rush. There were less than 35,000 residents in 1852; by 1900, the US Census counted nearly 343,000. One of the leading factors of that growth was a steady stream of Chinese immigration during the latter half of the century. Not only did this phenomenon raise San Francisco's population, it inspired an anti-Chinese labor movement whose broad charges were illustrated by this lithograph. Autographed by "C.M." and housed in the Bancroft Library's Robert Honeyman Collection, this piece used the "bird's-eye view" style common at the time. From a contrived vantagepoint on an unidentified hill, it shows San Francisco as caught in a triangle of Chinese immigration – Vancouver, BC being one point of entry, the docks of the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. the other. The city teems with Chinese who occupy all manner of industrial works, and across the sea looms the threat of China, illustrated as a sun-like visage with Chinese facial features and a queue. The message is clear: hundreds of miles of land and leagues of ocean were not barriers enough to thwart mass Chinese immigration. Moreover, it proved extremely popular, as the political movement culminated in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Yet the Chinese remained an integral part of the city's population and helped San Francisco to become the largest urban center in California. Politics and PoliticiansLarge cities across America enjoyed strong-willed, if not nefarious, politicians. San Francisco enjoyed a different twist on this theme, a man behind the scenes. Of French and Jewish descent, Abraham Ruef was an intelligent, shrewd man who had been involved in politics for most of his adult life. He joined the Republican Party at the age of 21, but became disillusioned with the confines of formal party structure. Turning toward a more lucrative career as legal counsel for labor unions and other private clients, Ruef saw the advantage of matching politics with parallel enterprises. He established the Union Labor Party in 1901 and plucked Eugene Schmitz from the orchestra pit, successfully installing the former conductor as the head of a puppet city government. Schmitz may have occupied the Mayor's seat, but Ruef was the real power behind the throne, directing his party to electoral victories in 1903 and 1905. Ruef and his followers declared that they stood for the common man against institutional elitism. Their opponents charged that the Union Labor Party meant graft and corruption. Yet as long as the city prospered, there seemed little Democratic and Republican leaders could do. So Many Places to Stay!San Francisco had been a destination since 1849 and the tradition continued during the following decades. Drawn to its beautiful location, climate, and economic opportunities, visitors and transplants alike flocked to the city. They often stayed in one of the beautiful high-rise hotels located downtown. Opened in 1904 and named after the patron saint of San Francisco, the Hotel St. Francis was one of the city's newest buildings. With "an army of well-trained employees under chefs whose names are famous wherever Epicurus is revered," it catered to the whims of the wealthy traveler. According to this souvenir book, the St. Francis offered Tyrolean-themed cuisine, a 4000-volume library, and special tours of Chinatown, among other amenities. The opulence of the Union Square hotel reflected the city's prosperity on the eve of the earthquake and fire. 全部内容：（点击左边红色“Room One Contents”下面的部分一一阅读）