英语教师的语言

浅谈英语课堂中教师语言

3.提问(questioning) 作为一种典型的教师，“提问”在教学中至少可以起到两种语用功能—组织功能和调查功能。组织功能表现为激发学生注意力、诱发他们的参与性和热情，提出学习要求并提供活动线索及练习机会等，从而达到学习语言的目的。调查功能表现为:通过提问，教师可以在课堂上检测学生的.学习情况，发现问题并解决问题。提问形式可以是多面的。如YesVNo形式，即一般疑问句提问;or形式，即选择疑问句提问;Wh-形式，即特殊疑问句提问，还可以使用引导式提问，即教师提示前半部分信息，要求学生配合并补全后半部分信息，例如: Teach er:Tom is late for cla ss be cause...… Student:His cloc k doesn't work..

就“提问”的回答形式来看，“提问”可以分为两种类型，即开放式提问和封闭型提问。前者允许有不同的答案，目的在于获取信息。例如:What are you going to do after graduation，后者限定答案，目的在于检测学生的学习情况。 例如:Teacher:what job did Barb Crook get inT olu k e，Student:He got a job as a construction worker.

4.陈述(stating)和评价(evaluation) 教师通过讲授伽reaching)呈现语言现象，解释语言概念及使用规则，示范语言使用等。讲授既是课堂教学中最常见的教师言语行为，又是一种重要的语言输人(inputting)形式，它对学生的学习兴趣、学习态度的形成及语言习得产生巨大的影响。教师语言有时会存在语言形式与语用功能相脱离，因此有必要结合语境讲解语言形式的使用，这样才有利于培养学生的语用能力。

教师语言中，“评价”语言的得体使用，即对学生课堂活动参与质量的表态，对他们作业的评价等，都与言语行为的实施有关。例如:"Good!”"Very good!”"Excellent”"Well done!”."right!""Ok!""Could you speaker clearer，"---…等等。为了达到最佳的以言行事效果，教师往往会避免完全否定评价，在变换语言结构和表达形式上，尽量做到委婉批评，不直接伤害学生的自信心，更不可以打击学生的学习积极性及课堂参与意识。

三、教学语言的学科个性特征

语言不同于真实的交际语言。学生进人课堂是为了学习英语而不是找信息，因此教学语言在涉及到的信息方面都与课堂教学内容有关。教学语言使用的语言形式和词汇由于受到学生水平的影响，因而是事先设计好的，不可能是真实的语言。教学语言作为教学的工具必须要求正确而又易于为学生所接受。基于此，笔者认为，英语教学语言必须有自己的个性特征。

导语：初中和小学有着密切的联系，小学和初中的衔接问题是我们现在应认真考虑的问题。而初中、小学的课堂用语也相差无几。课堂教学用语是教师组织课堂教学活动时所使用的语言，是成功课堂教学的保证之一。下面我为大家整理了初中英语课堂常用语，欢迎阅读！

教师的课堂教学用语从教学功能上可分为五大类：(招呼/问候语，提问语，反馈语，指示/演示语，告别语)

1.招呼/问候语

教师的课堂教学实际上从其走进教室的那一刻起就开始了。A good beginning makes a good ending. 一个好的开端对于一堂课来说非常重要。教师主动、友好地同学生打招呼，不仅可以唤起学生的注意力，使其为开始上课作好准备，还可以创造一个平等、和谐、愉快的学习氛围, 以保证课堂教学的顺利进行。

参考用语：

Hi! Good morning/ afternoon.

Good morning/afternoon, class./boys and girls.

It’s so nice/I’m so happy to see you again.

Good , you look great/ wonderful today.

How are you doing?

How’s it going?

You look so happy, any good news?

OK, class/ boys and girls , are you ready to have class/begin?

(Instead of saying: “You”)

May I know your name?

(That’s a nice name.)

Could you tell me your name, please?

(You’ve got a beautiful name. I really like it. )

Shall we begin our lesson now?

Let’s start our class, shall we?

2.提问语

教师在提问时态度和声音要和蔼、可亲。提问语的使用要注意体现对学生的尊重, 不要让学生感到紧张，有压力。注意提问语的使用策略可减轻学生的学习焦虑情绪，保护学生的学习积极性。

参考用语：

Who’d like to answer the question?

Who can answer the question?

Who knows the answer?

Who’d like to have a try?

Would you like to try, Mary?

Tim, would you like to have a try?

Do you want to try, Lee?

Would you like a second try?

Would you like someone to help you?

Who’d like to help?

Who’d like to read the text?

Who can spell the word “…”?

Can you spell the word “…”?

Do you know the Chinese/English of the word…?

What’s the English/Chinese for “…”?

Any volunteer?

Any one/ boy/ girl?

Have I made it clear?

Is it clear to you?

You see the point?

Got it? / Did you get it?

Are you alright with it?

Are you OK with the practice?

Have you done/finished your work/exercise yet?

3.反馈语

反馈语是课堂教学活动的重要组成部分，是教师评价和评估学生课堂表现的重要手段，也是推动教学活动进展的有效方法。对学生英语学习的评价现在提倡多种方式和多元化。这其中反馈语是教师对学生课堂表现的一种评价方式。教师要注意树立评价意识。不仅要对学生课堂上的学习表现给予评价，对学生情感、态度的表现都应通过评价给予鼓励，达到激励学生的目的。

在使用语言行为评价时教师要注意语气和目光的注视，使学生对老师的表扬和肯定感到真切。

对学生有创意的，创新的思维火花及灵感要及时地、充分地、大大地给与肯定。不妨使用夸张些的语言。

在语言评价中教师一定要注意语言的使用及使用的策略性。教师的一句话有可能会影响学生的一生。如果教师总是说某个学生笨，这个学生有可能就会认为自己不是学习的料，因而放弃努力。当学生对自己没有信心时，教师的一句鼓励的话，就有可能激励他获得成功。因此，教师在课堂上一定要注意所使用的语言，要注意体现反馈语的“人本性”，注重学生的情感因素。

反馈语可分为肯定式评语、参与式评语和启发式纠错。

(1)肯定式评语

教师在使用肯定式评语对学生的课堂表现进行肯定和表扬时，一定要让学生感到老师是在由衷地夸奖他。要避免敷衍和流于形式。不要滥用‘Good’。有的老师过多地单一使用 ‘Good’ 评价学生的表现，很难使学生从中受到激励，激发学习的积极性。

参考用语：

Not bad. Thank you. (I’m sure you can do better next time.)

Good!Thank you. (I could see you’ve practiced a lot.)

Good boy/ girl . That’s a good answer. Thank you.

Quite good! (I really appreciate your effort.)

Very good!(I really enjoy it.)

Great! (You did a good job.)

Excellent! (Let’s give him/her a big hand!)

Wonderful!(I’m so proud of you.)

Well done! (Good boy/girl.)

Your answer is very good! (I admire your work.)

Nice going! (You make a great progress.)

对学生有创意的、创新的思维火花及灵感，发言中的闪光点的肯定可以使用以下的用语：

What a bright idea! Thank you.

That’s a great answer. (I really like it.)

You did a good job! (We’re so proud of you!)

Good point! (I really enjoy it.)

Good job! (I'm very pleased with your work.)

Smart! (What an adorable baby!)

Clever! (I envy you very much。 )

Perfect! (You're very professional.)

You are such a smart boy/girl!

You got sharp eyes/ears.

I couldn’t believe my ears!

(2)参与式评语

在采用学生之间互相评价的手段时，教师要注意不要拿学生跟别人比，要拿学生同他自己比。教师可以说：同学们说某某同学说得好不好呀?进步大不大呀?

在让学生参加评价时可以使用疑问和反意疑问句：

Is it good?

Isn’t it a good answer?

Do you like his/her answer/reading?

Did he/she do a good job?

That’s a fantastic answer, isn’t it?

He/she did an excellent job, didn’t he/she?

(3) 启发式纠错

当学生犯错误时，教师要避免使用否定的'评价语言，如：You are wrong. It’s not correct. 对回答不出问题来的学生不要简单地使用“Sit down”，要给他们可能获得成功的机会，鼓励他们，保护他们的学习积极性。如：

That’s very close. Go on!

It’s almost right. Try again, please.

Come on! Think it over. I’m sure you can do it.

I’m sure you can do it if you really try. (See? You did it really well.)

Sorry, I’m sure you can do it better next time.

I’m sorry. Would you like a second try? /Would you like to try again?

Not bad. Go on, please.

Come on, It’s very close.

It doesn’t matter. I’m sure you can do it better next time.

非语言评价及策略

非语言评价—既运用手势，表情(眼神、面容、微笑)及其他肢体动作语言(body language) 来对学生的学习进行的评价。在使用语言行为评价方式的同时注意非语言评价方式的使用可以加强评价效果。

方式和策略：

① 微笑加语言。

② 用力点头---是一种肯定。

③ 惊讶的表情 + 可表示赞赏。

④ 竖起大拇指，可表示一种高度的赞赏。增强自信心，获得成就感。

⑤ 一只手手心朝上不断煽动四指同时说道：Yes, come on, come on. 或Yes, go on。这种语言行为和非语言行为手势的同时使用，不仅对学生的发言是一种鼓励和肯定，同时还可以激励、引导学生将发言进行下去，启发学生思维。不断的启发和鼓励能够起到引导学生思维，培养思维习惯的作用。

⑥ 鼓掌---当学生任务完成得出色时，教师可鼓掌表示赞扬。也可以号召学生一起鼓掌。掌声可以使人产生成就感，增强自信心。

⑦ 抚摸孩子的头，拍拍孩子的肩膀也是一种鼓励性的非语言行为的评价手段。这一手段的使用会使回答正确的孩子心中荡起美孜孜的幸福感和对老师的亲近感。这种感觉可以拉近孩子和老师的距离，拉近他们和英语课堂的距离，使他们喜欢上课并激发表达的欲望。对于回答错误的孩子，这一手段的使用可以起到安慰、消除他们心中的不安及沮丧、缓解焦虑情绪的作用。(此方法仅可用于低年级)

4.指示/演示语

在组织课堂教学时，教师使用的指示语和演示语要避免过长和含糊不清，要力求简洁、清晰并且和蔼、可亲，避免过于生硬。例如：

Now class/ boys and class, class begins.

Today, we’re going to learn …

Now, open your books, please. Turn to page ...

Now, class/ boys and girls/ children, please look at the blackboard/picture/your books/ page five.

Please read the … together. One, two, three, go!

Now, let’s sing the song… together.

Now, let’s enjoy the song from the tape.

Well, let’s go on. Please look at page …

This time, you do it one by one.

Now, listen to the tape.

Now, listen to me, please.

Now, I’ll read the …, please follow me.

Now class/ boys and girls/ children , read after me/ the tape.

Follow me, please.

Just follow me, class .

Yes, please. (To answer “ Let me try or let me answer the question ”)

Please show me how well you can do/ read it.

Come to the front, please. / … please come to the front . Thank you.

Thank you. Please go back to your seat.

Thank you. You can go back now.

It’s your turn, Sue.

OK, class/ boys and girls/ children , please stand up.

Please sit down.

Please do it now.

OK, go!

Please work in pairs/ in groups/ individually/ by yourselves.

Now, class/ boys and girls/ children, write/put the Chinese/English under/next to each word/picture.

Now, let’s do the exercise.

Now, class/ boys and girls/ children, find a partner and role-play the conversation.

Work with your partner and answer the questions.

OK, class/ boys and girls/ children, time is up. Please stop working/ talking now.

Please stop here.

Now, break time.

Let’s have/ take a break.

Good class/ boys and girls/ children, be quite, please.

Now class/ boys and girls/ children, here’s your homework. Please do … and …

Don’t forget your homework. It’s … on page …, …on page…

5.告别语

课堂教学结束时教师需向学生宣布,并向学生道别。

OK, class/ boys and girls/ children, that’s all for today. I’ll see you next time.

Let’s call it a day today. I’ll see you the day after tomorrow.

Alright class/ boys and girls/ children. We’ll stop here today.

We’ll end up the class now.

Class is over.

Class dismissed.

See you next time, class/ boys and girls/ children.

See you.

See you later.

Goodbye, class/ boys and girls/ children.

Bye, class/ boys and girls/ children.

Wish you a good weekend.

Have a good weekend!

Have a nice day!