英语六种从句笔记

语 法 结 构-- 从 句 内 容 提 要 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 I 定 语 从 句 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 1) The first doll say “mama”was invented in 1830． 〔A〕 that it could 〔B〕 could it 〔C〕 it could 〔D〕 that could 2) A solar day is the length of time the Earth to revolve once around the Sun． 〔A〕 takes 〔B〕 takes it 〔C〕 which takes 〔D〕 he takes 3) The period during when 〔A〕 people learned 〔B〕 to melt iron is called 〔C〕 the 〔D〕 Iron Age． 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 4) The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn. 〔A〕 where 〔B〕 of which 〔C〕 during which 〔D〕 that 5) To travel from England to Hope Corn had taken him nine months, the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish. 〔A〕 when 〔B〕 which 〔C〕 of which 〔D〕 that 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略(见本节“四、关系代词的省略”) 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 6) Henry Ford is the person 〔A〕 which 〔B〕 is most responsible 〔C〕 for developing 〔D〕 the idea of mass production. 7) Human beings are social 〔A〕 animals whom 〔B〕 usually prefer not to live in 〔C〕 physical or psychological isolation 〔D〕 ． 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 8) The Everglades is a beautiful region of southern Florida the primitive past mingles with modern life． 〔A〕 there 〔B〕 where 〔C〕 after 〔D〕 in 9) The knee is the joint the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg． 〔A〕 when 〔B〕 where 〔C〕 why 〔D〕 which 10) A metropolitan region 〔A〕 is defined as a central 〔B〕 city and the territory where 〔C〕 surrounds 〔D〕 it． 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 11) The next morning he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery. 〔A〕 as 〔B〕 when 〔C〕 because 〔D〕 that 12) In a day few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. 〔A〕 whose 〔B〕 during 〔C〕 when 〔D〕 of 13) Moreover, in the modern age human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride. 〔A〕 when 〔B〕 whether 〔C〕 more 〔D〕 ever 〔注〕 值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. ／ I still remember the first time I met her. ／ Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 14) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come. 〔A〕 which 〔B〕 its 〔C〕 that 〔D〕 whose 15) Jackir Mcleans’s recordings have shown that he is one of the few 〔A〕 jazz musicians who 〔B〕 style of playing 〔C〕 has kept pace with the evolution 〔D〕 of modern jazz． 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 16) I don't want to concentrate on anything worrying me. 〔A〕 what is 〔B〕 there is 〔C〕 what 〔D〕 there 二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 17) Ligaments(韧带)， ， hold organs of the body in place and fasten bones together． 〔A〕 which are fibrous tissues 〔B〕 they are fibrous tissues 〔C〕 fibrous tissues that 〔D〕 are fibrous tissues 18) The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin D. Roosevelt， there on April 12， 1945． 〔A〕 who died 〔B〕 died 〔C〕 while died 〔D〕 he died 19) The first United States citizen to become 〔A〕 a professional 〔B〕 sculptor was Patience Lovell Wright， which 〔C〕 works were executed in wax 〔D〕 ． 三、定语从句结构错误 1. 缺关系词 20) The adder is a snake has 〔A〕 a relatively 〔B〕 stout body， a short tail 〔C〕 ， and a flat head 〔D〕 ． 2. 从句中缺成分 21) Traditionally， ethnographers and linguists have paid 〔A〕 little attention to cultural interpretations given to 〔B〕 silence， or to 〔C〕 the types of social contexts in which tends 〔D〕 to occur． 四、连接代词的省略 22) Most crocodiles will eat anything capture and overpower． 〔A〕 can 〔B〕 they can 〔C〕 which can 〔D〕 and 五、例题解析 1) D为正确答案。本句中的主句为“The first doll was invented in 1830”，“that could say ‘mama’”为定语从句，修饰主句中的名词(主语)“the first doll”。 2) C为正确答案。 3) A错。during是介词，它后面的关系代词只能用which(指人除外)，which在此处指代“the period”，定语从句为“during which people…iron”，修饰主句的主语“the period”。 4) C为正确答案。 5) C为正确答案。 6) B错。改用who，which只能指物，指人时应用who，本句的定语从句修饰the person，关系代词who在从句中作主语。本句也可改用that，因为that也可用来指人，它可在从句中作主语或宾语，但which则只能指“物”。 7) B错。应改用who，因为这里所指代的是“human beings”，而且在从句中作主语，而whom只能用来作宾语。 8) B为正确答案。空白后是一个定语从句，从句中主谓宾齐全，关系副词where指代上面表示地点的名词region(地方，地区)，相当于in which，即in the region，在从句中作地点状语。 9) B对。空白后为定语从句，从句中的主谓宾语都已齐全，where作从句中的地点状语，相当于in the joint，整个从句修饰“the joint”。 10) C错。改为which或that。这里是一个定语从句，修饰前面的the territory(区域)，虽然被修饰成分表示一个地点，但若用where代替in the territory在从句中作地点状语，从句中便没有了主语，这显然不对。改用which后，便可由它作从句中的主语，代the territory；从句中的it代上文中的a central city。 11) B为正确答案。 12) C为正确答案。 13) A为正确答案。 14) D为正确答案。这里whose修饰名词短语“open mouth，” 这时“whose open mouth”一起作介词“of”的宾语。 15) B错。who应当在定语从句中作主语，而从句中已有主语style of playing(演奏风格)，故应将who改为whose，用whose修饰style，指代上文中的人名，相当于his。 16) B为正确答案。 17) A对。空白处是which引导的定语从句修饰主句的主语ligaments，which作从句的主语，主句的主语(ligaments)和谓语(hold)被定语从句所隔开。 18) A对。本句是关系代词who引导的非限定性定语从句，who指代前面的被修饰成分President Franklin D. Roosevelt并在从句中作主语。 19) C错。应改用whose，修饰从句中的主语works，whose相当于his。 20) A错。本句已有谓语动词is，而后面又出现动词has，显然不合语法，故应在snake和has之间加上关系代词which或that构成定语从句修饰snake，which作从句的主语。 21) D错。本句“in which”中的which指代“social contexts”，which在从句中已经是介词in的宾语，这样从句中便没有了主语，故应在which后加代词it(代silence)，即变为“in which it tends…”，用it作从句的主语，这样句子才完整。 22) B对。关系代词作限定性定语从句中的宾语时可以省略，本句被修饰词anything后就省去了“that”；C是不对的，首先，C中的which作从句的主语，而从句中的动词(作谓语)capture and overpower都为及物动词，可后面没有宾语，这样句子便不完整；其次，如果被修饰成分为不定代词(anything, all等)，或修饰成分前有形容词最高级以及限定性较强的形容词修饰时(the very，the only，the same，the first，the last，the tallest)，应使用关系代词that，而不用which。

英语中从句有6类，分别为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。

1、主语从句（Subject Clause）

用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。

2、表语从句（Predicative Clause）

用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词很多都一样。

3、宾语从句（Object Clause）

在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。

4、同位语从句

是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系就是同位关系，即主表关系。

5、定语从句

是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

6、状语从句

用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些从属连词。修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词，通常由从属连词引导，按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、 条件、 原因、让步、目的、结果、 方式、比较状语从句等。

一、名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。（一）引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词：when, where, how, why 不可省略的连词： 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。 It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. （二）名词性that-从句 1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如： 主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。 宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。 It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系： a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明显…… b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that… 人们相信…… It is known to all that… 从所周知…… It has been decided that… 已决定…… c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事实是…… d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧…… It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… （三）名词性wh-从句 1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：主语： How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语： I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。 It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。（四）if, whether引导的名词从句 1）yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如： 主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。 宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。 形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。 介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2）选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成，例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。（五）否定转移 1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。 I don't remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…) It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。 (anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。 She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。 二、定语从句 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 （一）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语） （二）关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 （三）判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。（四）限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。（五）介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?（六）as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。（七）as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。（八）先行词和关系词二合一 1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) （九）what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever 1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything What you want has been sent here. Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who （错）Who breaks the law will be punished. （错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. （对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. （对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.3) that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。 I think (that) you will like the stamps. What we need is more practice.（十）关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that的情况 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。举例： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。三、状语从句 （一）地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。 Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。（二）地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。 Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。 （二）方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如： They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。（三）原因状语从句 比较：because, since, as和for 1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.（四）目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.（五）结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。比较：so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few,