英语语法讲解100个

强调句与从句的比较1. 强调句与主语从句的比较强调句将句子中的it is / was …that同时省去，句子仍然成立；而主语从句将that与后面部分代替it，成立。如：(1) It is Li Lei’s brother that you met in the street yesterday. 你昨天在街上所见到的就是李蕾的兄弟。本句若将It is 及 that同时省去为：You met Li Lei’s brother in the street yesterday. 句子同样成立，因此前面的句子是强调句型。(2) It is exciting that we have succeeded in sending up Shenzhou V. 我们成功地发射了神舟五号这件事情真令人兴奋。本句若将It is 及 that同时省去为：We have succeeded exciting in sending up Shenzhou V. 显然句子错误，因此，前面句子不是强调句型，而是主语从句。2. 强调句与定语从句的比较◎强调句中的It没有实际意义，It be与that可同时被省略；而定语从句中的It是主语，It be与that不可同时省略；◎强调句型中be的时态须跟后面句子的时态相一致；而定语从句中主句谓语动词be的时态须由主句的时间确定(from www.yygrammar.com)；◎强调句将句子中的that不能省略，并且即使前面的名词是事物时，也不能将that换成which；而定语从句中的that作宾语时可被省略，并且当先行词是事物时可用which代替。◎当it be后面的时间、地点名词作主语、宾语或表语时，引导词可用that / which；而作其他成分时，引导词须用when / which。如：(1) It is an English book (that / which) I bought yesterday. 它是我昨天买的书。(本句是对What is that?问句的回答，that所引导的是定语从句，that可被省略) It was the English book that I bought yesterday. 昨天我所卖的就是这本书。(本句相当于对I bought the English book yesterday中an English book进行强调) (2) It was a room where we used to have meetings. 它是我们过去常在开会的房子。(where 所引导的从句对前面的room进行说明，它是定语从句)It was in the room that we used to have meetings. 过去我们开会就在这间房子里。(in the room是被强调的部分，本句是强调句型) (3) It is a day when the people celebrate their victory. 这是人们庆祝他们的胜利的日子。 (when所引导的从句对a day进行说明，是定语从句) It was on that day that people celebrated their victory. 就在那一天，人们庆祝了他们的胜利。(强调on October 1, 1949) 3．强调句与状语从句的比较◎状语从句句首的It本身就是句子的主语；而强调句首的It不作任何成分也没有实际意义。◎状语从句的连接副词that及句子前面的It be不能去掉。◎状语从句的引导词可以是when / where，而强调句型中的that不能用其他词代替。如：(1) It is such an interesting book that we all like it very much. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都非常喜欢。(结果状语主从复合句) It is such an interesting book that we all like very much. 我们大家都非常喜欢的就是一本如此有趣的书。(强调such an interesting book) (比较：It is such an interesting book as we all like very much. 这就是我们大家都非常喜欢的如此有趣的书。定语从句)(2) It was already morning when he woke up. 当他醒来时，已经是早晨了。(时间主从复合句)It was the next morning that he woke up. 就在第二天早晨他醒来了。(强调the next morning)

初三英语总复习资料介词I. 要点 1、介词和种类 (1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。 (2) 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。 2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系 (1) 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。 (2) 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at (3) 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等. 3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如： He came right after dinner. He lives directly opposite the school. 4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例 (1) at, on, in(表时间) 表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。 指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。 指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。 (2) between, among(表位置) between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如 I'm sitting between Tom and Alice. The village lies between three hills. among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：He is the best among the students. (3) beside, besides beside意为"在…旁边"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如： He sat beside me. What do you want besides this? (4)in the tree, on the tree in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上 (5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道 by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法 (6)in the corner, at the corner in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外 (7)in the morning, on the morning in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨 (8)by bus, on the bus by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车 II. 例题 例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English? A except B but C beside D besides 解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了…"，C-beside意为"在…旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为"除了…之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？ 例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night. A on B at C in D during 解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。 例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter. A to B in C at D on 解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。连词 I. 要点 1、 连词的种类 (1) 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。 (2) 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。 除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。 2、 常用连词举例 (1)and 和，并且 They drank and sang all night. (2) both…and 和， 既…也… Both my parents and I went there. (3) but 但是，而 I'm sad, but he is happy. (4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么… Either you're wrong, or I am. (5) for因为 I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him. (6) however 然而，可是 Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go. (7) neither…nor 既不…也不 Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you. (8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且… He not only sings well, but also dances well. (9) or 或者，否则 Hurry up, or you'll be late. Are you a worker or a doctor? (10) so 因此，所以 It's getting late, so I must go. (11) although 虽然 Although it was late, they went on working. (12) as soon as 一 …就 I'll tell him as soon as I see him. (13) because 因为 He didn't go to school, because he was ill. (14)unless 除非，如果不 I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow. (15)until 直到… He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构) He stayed there until eleven. (16)while 当…时候，而 (表示对比) While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词) My pen is red while his is blue. (17)for 因为 He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的) (18)since自从… I have lived here since my uncle left. (19)hardly… when 一… 就 I had hardly got to the station when the train left. (20)as far as 就… 来说 As far as I know, that country is very small. You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里) II. 例题 例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David. A as well B as well as C so well D so well as 解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和…一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B. 例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. A when B where C which D while 解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while有此意思，故选D。 例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise 解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为C。 动词时态、语态 I. 要点 1、 一般现在时 (1) 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school. (2) 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun. 2、 现在进行时 (1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如： What are you doing now? (2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如： He is always doing good deeds. 3、 现在完成时 主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing? 4、一般将来时 表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如： I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning. We're going to see a film next Monday. 5、一般过去时 表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：It happened many years ago. 6、过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如： What were you doing this time yesterday? 7、 过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如： The train had already left before we arrived. 8、一般过去将来时 表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如： He said he would come, but he didn't. 9、被动语态 被动语态的时态，以give为例。 时／式 一般 进行 完成 现在 am is given are am is being are has been given have 过去 was given were was being given were had been given 将来 shall be given will shall have been given will 过去将来 should be given would should have been given would II.例题 例1 I learned that her father ____ in 1950. A had died B died C dead D is dead 解析：该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。 例2 The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents. A is looked B has looked for C is being looked for D has been looked 解析：该题正确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。 短语动词 I. 要点 英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种： (1) 动词＋介词 常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如： Don't laugh at others. I didn't care about it. (2) 动词＋副词 常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：You'll hand in your homework tomorrow. Please don't forget to hand it in. (3) 动词＋副词＋介词 常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如： All his money added up to no more than $100. After a short rest, he went on with his research work. (4) 动词＋名词＋介词 常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting. We should make full use of our time. (5) 动词＋形容词 常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如： The prisoners were set free. He cut it open. (6) 动词＋名词 常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如： This story took place three years ago. I make friends with a lot of people. (7)辨析 give away(让给，暴露) 和 give up(放弃，停止) put away(放起，收起) 和 put out (扑灭) turn up(出席，放大) 和 turn on (打开) keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不让靠近) make up(编造，补上) 和 make out(辨认) take off(脱，起飞) 和 take out(拿出) II. 例题 例1 It is wise to have some money ____ for old age. A put away B kept up C given away D laid up 解析：该题正确uot;；give away意为"分发"；lay up"贮藏"。例2 Here's my card. Let's keep in ____. A touch B relation C connection D friendship 解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。 例3 ____! There's a train coming. A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on 解析：该题选A. look out 意为"小心"。 动词不定式 I. 要点 1、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。 式｜语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to write to be written 完成式 to have written to have been written 进行式 to be writing 完成进行式 to have been writing 2、 不定式的句法功能 (1) 作主语 To hear from you is nice. To be a good teacher is not easy. 不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：It's nice to hear from you. It's not easy to be a good teacher. (2) 作宾语 通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如：I forgot to lock the door. Please remember to write to me. (3) 作表语 My job is to pick up letters. He seemed to have heard nothing. (4) 作定语 不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如： I have two letters to write. I have a lot of work to do. (5) 作宾补 通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如： He ordered her to leave at once. He was forced to obey his order. (6) 作状语 He got up early to catch the first bus. He worked hard to catch up with the other students. (7) 作独立成分 To tell you the truth, I told a lie. (8) "疑问词＋不定式"结构。 如： I don't know how to choose them. I cannot decide where to go. (9)不定式的否定式。如： I decided not to go. (10)不定式的完成式。如： He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in. The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week. (11)too…to 结构。如： He was too excited to go to sleep. He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去) (12)主动表被动。如： The book is easy to read. I have a book to read. II.例题 例1 I haven't got a chair ____. A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting 解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，修饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。 例2 He was made ____. A go B gone C going D to go 解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。 例3 A new factory is ____ very soon. A to be built B built C to build D to building 解析：该题选A。is to be built意为"将要被建"。

一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。3、转换法：(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。 (2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。二、名词：1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.2、不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk. 3、名词所有格：1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),China’s population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、[注解]： ① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5、部分名词用法辨析：1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛) 2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的) 4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音) 5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)三、代词：1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。 第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数 阳性 阴性 中性 主格 I(我) you (你) he(他) she(她) it(它) we(我们) you(你们) they (他们,她们,它们)宾格 me(我) you (你) him(他) her(她) it(她) us(我们) you(你们) them (他们,她们,它们)1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物) / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗？) / Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了？) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他！)2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：--Who is it?(是谁？) –It’s I/me.(是我。)4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如：Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿？) –You and me.(你和我)5、 人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：--What’s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样？)—It’s fine.(天气晴好) / --What’s the time?(几点啦？) –It’s 12：00.(12点) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)3、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。 第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复 数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数 阳性 阴性 中性 形容词性 my(我的) your(你的) his(他的) her(她的) its(它的) our(我们的) your(你们的) their (他们的,她们的,它们的)名词性 mine(我的) Yours(你的) his(他的) hers(她的) its(她的) ours(我们的) yours(你们的) theirs(他们的,她们的,它们的)1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书)2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)[试比较] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)4、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数 阳性 阴性 中性 myself(我自己) yourself(你自己) himself(他自己) herself(她自己) itself(它自己) ourselves(我们自己) yourselves(你们自己) themselves (他们/她们/它们自己)1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如：Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)6、 指示代词： 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。

英语中考语法 一. 出现以下词,用do填空: can , could, may, must, need, had better, why not, make, have to, let's, see, hear, watch, notice, Will ( Would ) you please… 二. 出现以下词,用to do 填空: would like, want, begin, start, hope, decide, ask, wish, have something to do, tell, take time, it's time, remember, forget, learn, teach, try, stop, plan, adj./疑问词后,take ,allow, encourage, warn, It's +形容词+to do something, discuss, know, refuse, invite , get order, like, offer, lend, make up one's mind to do, set one's mind to do, enough, need 三. 出现以下词,用doing 填空: finish, like, enjoy, mind, keep, be busy, there be, do some…, go doing, prevent, be worth, spend, practice, feel like, thank somebody for doing something ,stop, excuse somebody for doing something, can't help, prefer… to…,look forward to…hate, mention, have fun doing,介词:at, in, on, of, from, for, about, with, without, ,make a contribution to, be used to, hear, see, watch, notice, listen, 四. 基数词的特殊变化 one---first ; two---second; three---third; five---fifth; eight---eighth; nine---ninth; twelve---twelfth; twenty---twentieth; twenty-one---twenty-first 五. 代词的变化: ------------------------------------------------------------ 主格 宾格 所有格(adj.) 所有格(n.) 反身代词 ------------------------------------------------------------ I me my mine myself you you your yours yourself he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its itself we us our ours ourselves you you your yours yourselves they them their theirs themselves ------------------------------------------------------------ 六. 表示天气的词 1. sun—sunny 2. cloud—cloudy 3. rain—rainy 4. wind—windy 5. fog—foggy 6. mist—misty 7. snow—snowy 8. shower—showery 七. 表示方向的词 1. east—eastern—easterner(s) 2. south—southern—southerner(s) 3. west—western—westerner(s) 4. north—northern—northerner(s) 八. 国家---国家的(人) 1. China—Chinese 2. Japan—Japanese 3. Germany--German 4. Canada—Canadian 5. Sweden—Swedish 6. Australia--stralian 7. Italy—Italian 8. India—Indian 9. France—French-renchman 10. merica—American 九. 一些特殊的名词复数及短语 1. leaf__________________ 2. life__________________ 3. thief_________________ 4. knife_________________ 5. shelf_________________ 6. half__________________ 7. roof__________________ 8. German_______________ 9. sheep_________________ 10. deer_________________ 11. child________________ 12. woman teacher________ 13. tooth________________ 14. foot_________________ 15. people_______________ 16. postman______________ 19. boy__________________ 20. key__________________ 21. story________________ 22. family_______________ 23. century______________ 24. baby_________________ 26. tomato_______________ 27. potato_______________ 28. radio________________ 29. zoo__________________ 30. kilo_________________ 31. photo________________ 32. businessman__________ 33. woman________________ 34. man__________________ 35. difficulty___________ 36. monkey_______________ 37. mouse________________ 十. 词型转换(200个) 1. work—worker 2. vent—inventor(人)--invention(物) 3. use—useful-used 4. teach—teacher 5. conduct—conductor 6. care—careful--carefully 7. play—player 8. visit—visitor 9. careless—carelessly—carelessness 10. clean—cleaner 11. inspect-inspector 12. wake--awake 13. speak--speaker 14. piano—pianist 15. sleep—asleep 16. cook—cook(人)—cooker(物) 17. science—scientist 18. miss—missing 19. dance—dancer 20. art—artist 21. fish--fishing 22. drive-driver 23. tour-tourist 24. kind-kindness 25. farm-farmer 26. joural-jouralist 27. nature--natural 28. mange-manger 29. library-librarian 30. cover-discover 31. foreign-foreigner 32. music--musician 33. feather--feathered 34. help-helper 35. busy-business--businessman 36. follow--following 37. read-reader 38. post-postman/postwoman 39. enter-entrance 40. write-writer 41. sit--seat 42. danger--dangerous 43. run-runner 44. wool--woollen 45. serve--service 46. win-winner 47. lose--lost 48. pride--proud 49. sing-singer 50. worry--worried 51. collect-collection 52. swim-swimmer 53. break--broken 54. produce--production 55. sleep-sleeper 56. fill-filled--full 57. contribute--contribution 58. travel-traveller-traveling 59. reward--rewarding 60. comfort--comfortable 61. climb-climber 62. turn--turning 63. instruct--instruction 64. keep-keeper 65. fly--flight 66. pollute--pollution 67. strange-stranger 68. please-pleased 69. move--moving 70. wait-waiter 71. know-knowledge 72. appear--appearance 73. jump-jumper 74. meet--meeting 75. disappear--disappearance 78. speak-speaker 79. thank--thankful 80. frighten--frightened 81. print-printer(物) 82. noise—noisy--noisily 83. life--lifetime 84. sell—seller 85. cross—across--crossing 86. frustrate--frustrated 87. dive—diver 88. ill—illness 89. fire—fireplace 90. own—owner 91. pain--painful 92. tradition--traditional 93. explore-explorer 94. thank--thankful 95. decorate-decorator--decoration 96. surf-surfer-surfing 97. help--helpful 98. confident--confidence 99. help-helper 100. wonder-wonderful--wonderfully 101. different--difference 102. begin-beginner 103. colour-colourful 104. importanrt--importance 105. paint-painter 106. beauty-beautiful-beautifully 107. good--goodness 108. rob-robber--robbery 109. forget--forgetful 110. person-personal 111. active-activity--actively 112. think-thought 113. decide-decision 114. breathe-breath 115. review-revision 116. describe-description 117. possible-impossible 118. late--later 119. discuss-discussion 120. celebrate-celebration 121. dry-drought 122. enjoy-enjoyable 123. air-airport 124. lone--lonely 125. fun-funny 126. live-lively--alive 127. train-training 128. educate-education 129. love-lovely 130. clear-clearly 131. slow-slowly 132. exact-exactly 133. final-finally 134. quick-quickly 135. happy-happily 136. heavy-heavily 137. near-nearly 138. real-really 139. sad-sadly--sadness 140. quiet-quietly 141. silent-silently 142. polite-politely 143. safe-safely-safety 144. luck-lucky-luckily-unlucky 145. usual-usually-unusual 146. health-healthy-healthily 147. success-successful-successfully 148. excite-excited-exciting 149. interest-interested-interesting 150. surprise—surprised—surprising 151. amaze—amazed—amazing 152. mean--meaning 153. bore—boring 154. grate—grateful(近)thankful 155. dark—darkness 156. park—parking 157. treat—treatment 158. cross—across—crossing 159. boat—boating 160. salt-salty 161. home-homework 162. house-housework 163. check---check-out 164. begin-beginning 165. marry-married 166. lie-lying 167. hard-hardly 168. friend-friendly-friendship 169. most-mostly 170. die-dead-death 171. especial-especially 172. fail-failure 173. probable-probably 174. realize-realization 175. rail-railway 176. shy-shyly-shyness 177. space-spaceship 178. high-highly-height 179. one-first-once 180. two-second-twice 181 .bear-born-birth 182. relax-relaxed 183. true-truly-truth 184. name-named 185. call-called 186. bright-brightly 187. sudden-suddenly 188. direct-directly 189. wide-widely 190. volley-volleyball 191. foot-football 192. base-baseball 193. give-given 194. harm-harmful 195. neat-neatly 196. build-builder-building 197. deep-deeply 198. die-dying 199. correct-correctly 200. pleasant-pleasure 十一. 不规则形容词和副词的比较级及最高级: 1. good—better—best 2. well—better—best 3. much—more—most 4. many—more—most 5. bad—worse—worst 6. badly—worse—worst 7. ill—worse—worst 8. far—farther—farthest 9. old—older—oldest 10. old—elder—eldest 11. little—less—least 十二. 动词时态的句子结构及关键词: 一般现在时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+be (am, is, are ) + 其他 否定句 主语+be not +其他 疑问句 Be+主语+其他 或: 肯定句 主语+动词原型+其他 ( 第三人称单数作主语动词要加"s" ) 否定句 主语+don't+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语don't改为doesn't) 疑问句 DO+主语+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语do改为doess) 关键词: sometimes, often, usually, always, every day, on Sunday afternoon, at 10 o'clockin the morning, five days a week, three times a month等. 注:在时间壮语从句,条件壮语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来时,这时一般从 句用一般现在时,主句用将来时 现在进行时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+be +动词的现在分词+其他 否定句 主语+be not+动词的现在分词+其他 疑问句 Be +主语+动词的现在分词+其他 关键词:now, right now, at the moment, It's+几点钟等的句子.或look, listen, keep quiet等提示语. 一般将来时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+will+动词原型+其他 否定句 主语+will not +动词原型+其他 疑问句 Will +主语+动词原型+其他 (will 可改为be going to ,当主语是第一人称时will可用shall) 关键词:tomorrow, tomorrow morning, at seven o'clock tomorrow evening, next year, at ten o'clock next Sunday, this year, at the end of this term, from now on, in the year 2008, soon, in a few days' time, in the future 等. 一般过去时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+be(was,were)+其他 否定句 主语+be not+其他 疑问句 Be+主语+其他 或: 肯定句 主语+动词的过去式+其他 否定句 主语+did not+动词原型+其他 疑问句 Did+主语+动词原型+其他 关键词:yesterday,yesterday morning等 ,last week, last year, at the end of last term, 一段时间+ago如:ten years ago, five hours ago, on January 1st,2004, in the 1980s等. Just now,in the old days, long ago, a moment ago等. 过去进行时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+was/were+动词的现在分词+其他 否定句 主语+was/were not +动词的现在分词+其他 疑问句 Was/Were + 主语+ 动词的现在分词+其他 关键词:具体时间+过去的时间壮语 如:at ten o'clock yesterday morning, at this time last Sunday等. 现在完成时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他(第三人称单数用has) 否定句 主语+have/has not+动词的过去分词+其他 疑问句 Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词+其他 关键词:already, yet, just, ever, never ,so far, for +一段时间,since+过去的 时间或过去时从句.或this year alone"今年以来",these five years alone"这五年 以来",in the last ten years "在过去的十年中"等. 过去将来时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+ would+ 动词原型+其他 否定句 主语+ would not + 动词原型+ 其他 疑问句 Would+主语+动词原型+其他 (would可改为was/were going to ,主语第一人称时would可用should) 过去将来时主要用在宾语从句中. 过去完成时: 句子结构: 肯定句 主语+had + 动词的过去分词+其他 否定句 主语+had not +动词的过去分词+其他 疑问句 Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其他 关键词:by+过去某一时间点 如:by last year, by the end of+过去某一时间点 如: by the end of last year, before+过去某一时间点,by the time +从句,或宾语从 句中.