harperlee英文简介

Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926, the youngest of four children of Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Cunningham Finch Lee. She grew up in Monroeville, a small town in southwest Alabama. Her father was a lawyer who also served in the state legislature from 1926-1938. As a child, Lee was a tomboy and a precocious reader. After she attended public school in Monroeville she attended Huntingdon College, a private school for women in Montgomery for a year and then transferred to the University of Alabama. After graduation, Lee studied at Oxford University. She returned to the University of Alabama to study law but withdrew six months before graduation.She moved to New York in 1949 and worked as a reservations clerk for Eastern Air Lines and British Overseas Airways. While in New York, she wrote several essays and short stories but none were published. Her agent encouraged her to develop one short story into a novel. In order to complete it, Lee quit working and was supported by friends who believed in her work. In 1957, she submitted the manuscript to J. B. Lippincott Company. Although editors found the work too episodic, they saw promise in the book and encouraged Lee to rewrite it. In 1960, with the help of Lippincott editor Tay Hohoff, To Kill a Mockingbird was published.To Kill a Mockingbird became an instant popular success. A year after the novel was published, 500,000 copies had been sold and it had been translated into ten languages. Critical reviews of the novel were mixed. It was only after the success of the film adaptation in 1962 that many critics reconsidered To Kill a Mockingbird.To Kill a Mockingbird was honored with many awards including the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1961 and was made into a film in 1962 starring Gregory Peck. The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It actually was honored with three awards: Gregory Peck won the Best Actor Award, Horton Foote won the Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar and a design team was awarded an Oscar for Best Art Direction/Set Decoration B/W. Lee worked as a consultant on the screenplay adaptation of the novel.Author Truman Capote was Lee's next-door neighbor from 1928 to 1933. In 1959 Lee and Capote traveled to Garden City, Kansas, to research the Clutter family murders for his work, In Cold Blood (1965). Capote dedicated In Cold Blood to Lee and his partner Jack Dunphy. Lee was the inspiration for the character Idabel in Capote's Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948). He in turn clearly influenced her character Dill in To Kill a Mockingbird.Harper Lee divides her time between New York and her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama where her sister Alice Lee practices law. Though she has published no other work of fiction, this novel continues to have a strong impact on successive generations of readers.Harper Lee had many childhood experiences that are similar to those of her young narrator in To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout Finch.

姓名:迈克尔•菲尔普斯 国籍:美国 生日:1985年6月30日 身高:1.97米 体重:79公斤 最难忘的事:与拳王阿里会面 最想去的地方:澳大利亚 出生地：Baltimore, Maryland (马里兰州) 迈克尔•菲尔普斯已经被一些人视为他所从事的运动历史上最伟大的全能运动员.在2004年的美国选拔赛中,菲尔普斯取得了6个单人游泳项目的雅典奥运会参赛资格,这些项目包括了每种可能的游泳姿势.他最终获得了5枚奥运会金牌,2枚铜牌.如果菲尔普斯能在雅典或在2008年的北京达到马克•施皮茨保持的纪录,他就能从赞助商那里得到100万美元的奖金. 迈克尔•菲尔普斯出生于1985年6月30日.他的父亲曾是一名优秀运动员,并将这种才能传给了自己的孩子们.尽管开始时十分犹豫不决,但迈克尔最终还是跟随他的两个姐姐走入了游泳池.他的教练察觉到迈克尔的恐惧,便允许他仰在水上四处飘浮.毫不奇怪,他最先学会的游泳姿势就是仰泳. 迈克尔的教练对迈克尔的母亲说,她的儿子是罕见的游泳天才.凭借自己修长的四肢和大大的手脚,他能很好地领会指导,喜欢刻苦训练,且在比赛中似乎从不感到紧张.人们都说,他的体型天生就是做游泳运动员的料.他的大手大脚就像是水中的桨.虽然蝶泳使他的拿手项目,但他在各项项目中都表现了自己的优势.事实上,迈克尔唯一的“短处”就是长得太快.有一段时间,这曾致使他感到疲劳. 在1999年的美国少年运动会上,迈克尔打破了20岁年龄组200米蝶泳的纪录.15岁时,迈克尔作为美国68年以来最年轻的奥运游泳选手参加了悉尼奥运会.在西班牙巴塞罗那的世界游泳锦标赛期间,迈克尔成了泳坛的谈论中心.他以杰出的表现6次获得奖牌,并创造了5项世界纪录.迈克尔以新的世界纪录摘得200米蝶泳的金牌,并在100米蝶泳及200米个人混合泳两个项目中创造了新纪录---这些记录是在同一天创下的,这是世界游泳比赛史上的头一次. 游泳事业之外,迈克尔是一名普通的少年.他通常与自己家的猫萨凡纳一起入睡,这只猫就蜷睡在他的旁边.他早上也不愿意起床,但一旦开始一天的工作,他就不会有丝毫疏懒. 迈克尔的目标不仅仅是在奥运会上获得荣耀,他要改变自己从事的体育活动,就像迈克尔•乔丹及泰格尔•伍兹这些伟大的运动员曾经做到的那样. 我所知道的菲尔普斯的一些资料 PHELPS’S FAVOURITE STUFF Sport to Watch: Football Sport to play: Basketball Team to Watch: Baltimore Ravens Video Game: Tiger Woods PGA Tour (泰格•伍兹高尔夫巡回赛) Movie: Tommy Boy TV show: Sports Center Food : Pizza Actor：Denzel Washington Actress: Cameron Diaz Athlete: Michael Jordan Musical Group： 50 Cents Pre-race Meal(赛前餐)：Oatmeal and a Power Bar(麦片和能量棒) Snack Food(零食)：Pretzels(脆饼干) Cereal（谷类食品）:Lucky Charms Book: To Kill a Mockingbird（杀死一只知更鸟）,by Harper Lee 我所知道的菲尔普斯的一些资料 现在我们可以把一个他当之无愧的称号送给他，他是有史以来最伟大的游泳运动员。他是我们所见到的最优秀的游泳运动员，他的队友埃里克•芬特谈到他的时候说：“我们（美国游泳队）是精英中的精英，但他的实力远在我们之上。” 全能型选手 菲尔普斯已经向人们证明他是历史上最全面的游泳运动员是一，他在自由泳、仰泳、蛙泳以及蝶泳四种姿势中是世界泳坛领军人物之一。他获得过20项美国游泳冠军，是200米蝶泳（1分53秒93）、200米个人混合泳（1分55秒94）和400米个人混合泳（4分9秒09）三项世界纪录的保持者。 在2000年悉尼奥运会上，菲尔普斯是自1932年以来美国男子奥运游泳队中最年轻的选手，其时他还是个15岁的少年，有一双大大的耳朵，常常咧嘴傻笑，他最终获得200米蝶泳的第五名。他的队友汤姆•威尔金斯说：“迈克尔刚参加国家游泳队的第一年，我们老是做动作模仿取笑他的大耳朵，可现在我们都要模仿他游泳。” 2001年，菲尔普斯以1分54秒92的成绩获得了200米蝶泳冠军，并成为最年轻的打破世界纪录的男游泳选手（15岁9个月）。2003年7月，他将这一纪录缩短到1分53秒93。 在2003年美国春季游泳锦标赛上，菲尔普斯成了第一个在全美锦标赛上囊括仰泳（200米）、自由泳（200米）和蝶泳（100米）三项冠军的男运动员。 2003年菲尔普斯获得萨利文全国最佳业余运动员奖，在他之前获得此奖的游泳运动员是美国奥运会冠军珍妮特•埃文斯（1989年）。 2003年世界游泳锦标赛上，菲尔普斯获得所有三项游泳赛事的金牌，另外还获得400米混合接力赛的金牌。 发现天才 1997年，迈克尔•菲尔普斯11岁的时候，他的教练鲍勒•鲍曼发现他具有奥运冠军的素质。 鲍曼说：“你会看到他总是迫不及待地跳入水中，他给自己的压力远远超过别人对他的要求，我尽量做到不喜形于色，尽管我为他的表现感叹不已。” 鲍曼注意到菲尔普斯能轻松学会别的少年所不能掌握得的技巧，这位教练知道他面对的是一位游泳天才，于是他对菲尔普斯的父母说：“迈克尔天赋极佳，他的潜力是无限的。” 童心未泯 游泳池外的菲尔普斯是个典型的随意少年，他喜欢嘻哈摇滚，玩电脑游戏，喜欢和朋友们闲逛。2003年，他从马里兰州的道森高中毕业，计划奥运会后上大学，但还没有确定上哪所大学。 然而，菲尔普斯一跳入泳池就不再是那个平凡的少年了。他身高6英尺5英寸，体重185磅，浑身没有一丝赘肉，游起来像鱼一样在水中划过，他蹬腿动作非常有力，双腿好像装有发动机。 曾在2000年悉尼奥运会上获得三枚金牌的美国仰泳运动员伦尼•克雷泽伯格说：“我还从没有见过像他那样的人，没有人像他那样样样出色。” 刻苦训练 菲尔普斯认为他的成功很大部分要归功于训练。从高中毕业后，大多数时间都是从早晨7点中开始长达2个半小时的训练，中餐后稍稍打个盹，然后接着游，一直从下午3点半到6点。 总之，他每天游的距离多达12英里，他说：“我知道没有人比我训练更刻苦。” 菲尔普斯训练如此刻苦是因为他憎恨失败。他7岁开始游泳，但直到11岁教练鲍曼和他父母谈过以后才开始认真对待这项运动。 他回忆说：“如果没有发挥自己的最佳水平，我就会不停地去想它，上学的时候想，和朋友在一起的时候想。这样会让我发疯的。” 一次，12岁的菲尔普斯输给了一个和他同龄的男孩，他厌恶地抓掉对方的护目镜，一下子扔过游泳池的平台。教练鲍曼告诉他，下次如果再输给同龄孩子，他不允许出现类似的行为。鲍曼说：“他克服了这个坏毛病，因为从此他再也没有输给任何同龄的游泳选手了。”

Nelle Harper LeeNelle Harper Lee was born on April 28 1926 in Monroeville Alabama, a city of about 7,000 people in Monroe County, which has about 24,000 people. Monroeville is in southwest Alabama, about halfway between Montgomery and Mobile. She is the youngest of four children of Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. Harper Lee attended Huntingdon College 1944-45, studied law at University of Alabama 1945-49, and studied one year at Oxford University. In the 1950s she worked as a reservation clerk with Eastern Air Lines and BOAC in New York City. In order to concentrate on writing Harper Lee gave up her position with the airline and moved into a cold-water apartment with makeshift furniture. Her father's sudden illness forced her to divide her time between New York and Monroeville, a practice she has continued. In 1957 Miss Lee submitted the manuscript of her novel to the J. B. Lippincott Company. She was told that her novel consisted of a series of short stories strung together, and she was urged to re-write it. For the next two and a half years she re-worked the manuscript with the help of her editor, Tay Hohoff, and in 1960 To Kill a Mockingbird was published, her only published book. On May 29 1961 the Alabama Legislature passed a resolution to congratulate Miss Lee on her success. That year she had two articles published: Love--In Other Words in Vogue, and Christmas To Me in McCalls. "Christmas To Me" is the story of Harper Lee receiving the gift of a year's time for writing from friends. When Children Discover America was published in 1965. In June of 1966, Harper Lee was one of two persons named by President Johnson to the National Council of Arts. Also named to the 26 member council was artist Richard Diebenkorn Jr. In the same year, on November 28th, Truman Capote held his fabulous and flawless Black and White Dance in honour of Katherine Graham. In Cold Blood had been published in January, with its dedication to Jack Dunphy and Harper Lee. The 480 invitations included one to her. Miss Lee attended the 1983 Alabama History and Heritage Festival in Eufaula, Alabama. She presented the essay Romance and High Adventure. Most of what has been published on the doings of Miss Lee in the last many years is speculation. Apparently she still plays golf, and there are various stories of her writing her memoirs. An article in the Standard Times reported that Miss Lee was working on a book about the Reverend Maxwell of Alexander City, Alabama. He was a local black preacher who murdered several family members in order to collect their life insurance, and who was murdered at the funeral of his last victim. In his book Lost Friendships Donald Windham reported that in 1984 Miss Lee attended a dinner at his place after the memorial for Truman Capote. She came with Alvin and Marie Dewey, who she had met when in Kansas with Capote to do research for In Cold Blood. Windham cooked chicken breasts in butter. He reported that Miss said that it had been fifteen years since she and Capote had been in touch. Miss Lee has received a number of honorary doctorates, perhaps four. In 1990 she was one of five recipients at the University of Alabama. She did not speak or give an interview. In 1997 she was awarded an honorary doctorate of humane letters at Spring Hill College in Mobile Alabama. Professor Margaret Davis told Miss Lee she was being honored for her "lyrical elegance, her portrayal of human strength, and wisdom." Miss Lee did not speak to the cheering and applauding audience; Colman McCarthy, another degree recipient did. A photograph of a radiant Miss Lee appeared in the Mobile Register on May 12, 1997.

格利高里·派克：不朽的美国绅士 制片厂打算让罗克·赫德森饰演阿提库斯·芬奇。可冥冥中却偏偏另有安排。格利高里·派克获得了那个角色，在1962年的影片《杀死一只知更鸟》中扮演南方小镇的律师。这是哈珀·李获普利策奖的小说中的主人公，非常像她的父亲；影片开拍的第一天，作者与演员相遇时，她说道：“格利高里，你恰好和我父亲一样有点大腹便便。”那明星回答说，“哈珀，那才是真正的表演。” 实际上，那是真正的进入角色。阿提库斯说，“在你爬进一个人的皮肤下，在他体内行走之前，你永远不会真正理解一个人……”宽容逐渐成熟而移情于角色之中：派克的才能是扮演一种高素质的美国人——有力量和同情心的人。今天，那个“物种”已不仅仅濒危了；它几乎灭迹了。但在这个演员半个世纪的影艺生涯中的大部分时间里，这个物种都很兴旺。当时的美国人为他们对受压迫者的同情和为自己提高人性素质的能力而自豪。派克是个开明的人，而当时开明是美德。 派克从早期影片(《爱德华医生》�又译《迷魂咒》�和《阳光下的决斗》�又译《太阳浴血记》�)中的帅哥，到漫长的全盛期中他那仿佛在晴空下的拉什莫尔石像的面孔和耶和华般的声音，都表现出他是宣扬电影人文主义的嘹亮歌手。他表明一个健壮的人也可以是一个温柔的人。他提倡种族宽容：在《君子协定》中宽容犹太人，在《杀死一只知更鸟》中宽容黑人。作为进行圣战的律师和两个年幼孩子的单身好父亲，派克使正义坚不可摧。神圣的正义是长存的：本月，美国电影学院选出阿提库斯·芬奇为美国电影史上的头号主人公。 派克不仅仅是一个偶像。他是一个演员，一个聪明的演员。他在范围广泛的样式中选择了最受欢迎的那些：浪漫喜剧(《罗马假日》)，动作片(《六壮士》�又译《纳瓦隆大炮》�)，恐怖片(《凶兆》�又译《预兆》�)。他大胆扮演了扭曲了他的高尚形象的角色——亚哈、麦克阿瑟将军。他尝试过厌恶人类者(包括纳粹恶魔约瑟夫·门格勒)和像孤峰一样粗野的西部汉子等角色。但人们最清楚地记得的派克还是影片中典型的长者形象。他们常常出人意料地揭示了作为英雄主义核心的和平主义。 《恐怖角》�又译《海角惊魂》�就是很好的一个例子。剧中，派克是一家之长，全家人受到老谋深算、道德败坏的罗伯特·米彻姆的威胁。在影片的高潮，派克把枪口对准了这个恶棍。开枪打死他，格雷格！但他没有开枪。这一次好人不打算杀死坏人；坏人要被审判、定罪和监禁。缺乏自信心的演员也许会让这个决定听起来懦弱无力，但派克宣扬的是这样一个观点，即身陷囹圄与遭枪子儿一样是令人不愉快的事。 今天的影片中胜败泾渭分明。在派克的最佳影片中总能看到发人深省的灰色影子。阿提库斯接手了一桩黑人男子被控强奸白人女子的案子——这在20世纪30年代的亚拉巴马小镇乃是一项要命的差事。他辩护精彩，驳倒了对方，令影片的每一个观众心服口服……可他败诉了。但阿提库斯在战斗中表现出了勇气。当他败诉而离开法庭时，参加审判会的一个黑人牧师悄声对阿提库斯的6岁女儿说：“琼·路易丝小姐，起立。你父亲正从这里走过。” 后来，派克在影片中象征一种和平的抵制。受害的白人妇女的父亲是种族主义者，看到派克与几个黑人在一起，就朝他脸上吐唾沫。派克以愤怒的尊严拿出一块手帕，擦掉了唾沫，走开了——不用反击就打赢了战斗的胜利者。君子之道为先；粗俗之举居后。 把演员与其影片中的角色混为一谈是危险的。但人们说银幕上的格利高里·派克和现实中的格利高里·派克十分相近。他是正直的表率，患难中的真交，好莱坞社区的告解神甫。他不是这个全国什么什么协会的会长，就是那个美国什么什么学院的主席。他被官方荣誉压得喘不过气来：林登·约翰逊授予他总统自由奖章；理查德·尼克松把他列在了敌对者名单上。上周，隐居的李听到他的死讯时说，“格利高里·派克是个帅男子。阿提库斯·芬奇给了他扮演自己的机会。”这也许是派克获得的最甜蜜的桂冠。 但是，既然高尚已经用在了懦弱之人的身上，寻找操守的最佳地方只有在韦氏词典里，那么，谁又将扮演格利高里·派克式的主人公呢？派克代表的男性典雅已经从电影中消失了；任何明星都无法胜任他的那种类型。电影演员不具备他那种声音、仪态和气质。也许美国不可能相信这种类型。 珍惜派克就等于承认怀恋一个时代，那时，大众文化和政治文化能够真诚地倡导人文主义理想。如果我们的时代不是如此荒唐，如此经常地堕落的话，那个时代——以及这个人——就不会显得那么宝贵了。 美国，肃然起立吧！格利高里·派克已经逝世。�陈永国 摘译自 Time June 23� 2003

The novel is about a young man named Tom Robinson who is falsely accused of rape only because he is a black man.

该小说讲述一个名叫汤姆·鲁滨逊的年轻人，被人诬告犯了强奸罪后，只是因为是一个黑人。

Defense lawyer Atticus Finch, despite holding evidence that Tom was not a rapist, could not prevent the jury from coming to a conclusion that Tom was guilty. Tom died under the gun.

辩护律师阿蒂克斯·芬奇尽管握有汤姆不是强奸犯的证据，都无法阻止陪审团给出汤姆有罪的结论。此一妄加之罪，导致汤姆死于乱枪之下。

作品鉴赏

故事中的情节基于叙述者六岁时对家人和邻居生活的观察，主要反映种族的不公正和对无辜者的摧毁。小说主要分为两部分，第一部分主要叙述经济大萧条时期，在美国阿拉巴马州的梅科姆镇，斯库特和哥哥杰姆，还有一个名为迪儿的男孩对古怪、足不出户的邻居拉德利既着迷又害怕。

梅科姆镇的大人们也不愿谈论拉德利，多年来，很少见过他。孩子们对所传出的有关他的谣言和他隐居的深层原因充满了猜测与想象。第二部分主要叙述法院指定叙述者的父亲阿蒂克斯·芬奇为黑人男子汤姆・鲁滨逊的辩护律师。

汤姆·鲁滨逊被指控殴打并强奸年轻白人女子马耶拉·尤厄尔。阿蒂克斯·芬奇运用自己的职业技能找到了能够证明黑人汤姆无罪的证据，并将事实真相摆在所有陪审员和小镇居民的面前，但由于偏见，陪审团依旧对鲁滨逊做出了有罪裁决，被冤枉的鲁滨逊在判决当晚试图逃跑而被击毙。

一、英文简介To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on the author's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old.The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explains the novel's impact by writing, "In the twentieth century, To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism."As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets.Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Literary analysis of it is sparse, considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of the book by several authors and public figures, calls To Kill a Mockingbird "an astonishing phenomenon".In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one "every adult should read before they die".[3] It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, Alabama. To date this is Lee's only published novel, although Go Set a Watchman is scheduled to be published on July 14, 2015. Lee continues to respond to the book's impact even though she has refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964.二、中文简介 《杀死一只知更鸟》（英语：To Kill a Mockingbird），直译应为“杀死一只反舌鸟”，台译“梅冈城故事”，是美国作家哈珀·李于1960年发行的小说，荣获当年度普利策奖。此书刚出版便获得极大成功，并成为美国现代文学的经典。小说的剧情与人物部分取材自作者对其家人与邻居的观察，以及一起发生在作者10岁时（1936年）故乡附近的一起事件。 虽然故事题材涉及种族不平等与强暴等严肃议题，其文风仍温暖风趣。小说以第一人称著成，叙述者的父亲阿提克斯·芬奇在书中为道德端正的角色，亦是正直律师的典范。一名评论家这样解释小说有巨大影响力的原因：“在二十世纪，《杀死一只知更鸟》大概是美国最广为阅读的种族相关书籍，而它的主角阿提克斯·芬奇则塑造了种族正义最不朽的小说形象。” 《杀死一只知更鸟》是一部南方哥德小说与教育小说，主题涉及种族歧视与滥判无辜。学者指出哈珀·李着墨于阶级、勇气、同理心，以及美国南部诸州性别角色议题。在英语系国家，《杀死一只知更鸟》常被纳入学校教材中，传递宽恕和反偏见的信息。《杀死一只知更鸟》也因其种族歧视性语言而被列为文学挑战性书目。 对小说的评价千差万别。虽然对小说的文学评论甚少，但因其销量巨大而在教育界广为使用。作家玛丽·麦克多诺·墨菲从一些作家和出版社那里搜集意见后，认为小说的成功是个“令人吃惊的现象”。[3]1962年，小说被改编为同名奥斯卡获奖电影。自1990年起，由小说改编的戏剧在作者故乡门罗维尔年年上演。至今为止，《杀死一只知更鸟》是李唯一出版的小说；虽然就此李对外界一直有回应，但她自1964年起拒绝对她个人或小说做任何宣传。