史蒂芬霍金英文

Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942[1]) is a British theoretical physicist, whose world-renowned scientific career spans over 40 years. His books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity and he is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts,[2] a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences,[3] and in 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.[4]Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge for thirty years, taking up the post in 1979 and retiring on 1 October 2009.[5][6] He is also a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and a Distinguished Research Chair at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario.[7] He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes. He has also achieved success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; these include the runaway best seller A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times bestsellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.[8][9]Hawking's key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation (or sometimes as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation).[10]Hawking has a neuro-muscular dystrophy that is related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a condition that has progressed over the years and has left him almost completely paralysed.史蒂芬·威廉·霍金，CH，CBE，FRS，FRSA（Stephen William Hawking，1942年1月8日－），英国著名物理学家，在公众评价中，被誉为是继爱因斯坦之后最杰出的理论物理学家之一。他提出宇宙大爆炸自奇点开始，时间由此刻开始，黑洞最终会蒸发，在统一20世纪物理学的两大基础理论——爱因斯坦的相对论和普朗克的量子论方面走出了重要一步。患有肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症的他，近乎全身瘫痪，不能发音，但1988年仍出版《时间简史》，至今已出售逾1000万册，成为全球最畅销的科普著作之一。 英国剑桥大学于2009年4月20日透露，著名物理学家霍金病得很重。67岁的霍金呼吸系统感染已有数周，并被送往当地一家医院。

Hawking grew up outside London in an intellectual family. His father was a physician and specialist in tropical diseases; his mother was active in the Liberal Party. He was an awkward schoolboy, but knew from early on that he wanted to study science. He became increasingly skilled in mathematics and in 1958 he and some friends built a primitive computer that actually worked. In 1959 he won a scholarship to Oxford University, where his intellectual capabilities became more noticeable. In 1962 he got his degree with honors and went to Cambridge University to pursue a PhD in cosmology. There he became intrigued with black holes (first proposed by J. Robert Oppenheimer) and "space-time singularities," or events in which the laws of physics seem to break down. After receiving his PhD, he stayed at Cambridge, becoming known even in his 20s for his pioneering ideas and use of Einstein's formulas, as well as his questioning of older, established physicists. In 1968 he joined the staff of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge and began to apply the laws of thermodynamics to black holes by means of very complicated mathematics. He published the very technical book, Large Scale Structure of Space-Time but soon afterwards made a startling discovery. It had always been thought that nothing could escape a black hole; Hawking suggested that under certain conditions, a black hole could emit subatomic particles. That is now know as Hawking Radiation. He continued working on the theory of the origin of the universe, and in doing so found ways to link relativity (gravity) with quantum mechanics (the inner workings of atoms). This contributed enormously to what physicists call Grand Unified Theory, a way of explaining, in one equation, all physical matter in the universe. At the remarkably young age of 32, he was named a fellow of the Royal Society. He received the Albert Einstein Award, the most prestigious in theoretical physics. And in 1979, he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, the same post held by Sir Isaac Newton 300 years earlier. There he began to question the big bang theory, which by then most had accepted. Perhaps, he suggested, there was never a start and would be no end, but just change -- a constant transition of one "universe" giving way to another through glitches in space-time. All the while, he was digging into exploding black holes, string theory, and the birth of black holes in our own galaxy. In 1988 Hawking wrote A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes , explaining the evolution of his thinking about the cosmos for a general audience. It became a best-seller of long standing and established his reputation as an accessible genius. He wrote other popular articles and appeared in movies and television. He remains extremely busy, his work hardly slowed by Lou Gehrig's disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a disease that affects muscle control) for which he uses a wheelchair and speaks through a computer and voice synthesizer. "My goal is simple. It is complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all." 有的是引用的,有的是查的

World renowned physicist Stephen Hawking has died at the age of 76.

世界知名物理学家史蒂芬霍金去世，享年76岁。

The British scientist was famed for his work with black holes and relativity,  and wrote several popular science books including A Brief History of Time.

这位英国科学家以他主要研究领域，黑洞和相对论研究，闻名于世。并且著有多部科学著作，包括《时间简史》。

At the age of 22 Prof Hawking was given only a few years to live after being diagnosed with a rare form of motor neurone disease.

霍金教授在他22岁时被确诊为一种很罕见的运动神经元病，并断言他仅能活几年。

The illness left him in a wheelchair and largely unable to speak except through a voice synthesizer.

疾病使得他全身瘫痪，只能终身与轮椅为伴，丧失语言能力，只能通过语音合成器发声。

They praised his "courage and persistence" and said his "brilliance and humour" inspired people across the world. “We will miss him forever.”

他的勇气和毅力，才华和幽默将鼓舞全世界的人们。

扩展资料：

成就：

1、史蒂芬·威廉·霍金是本世纪享有国际盛誉的伟人之一，剑桥大学数学及理论物理学系教授，当代最重要的广义相对论和宇宙论家。荣获英国剑桥大学卢卡斯数学教席，这是自然科学史上继牛顿和狄拉克之后荣誉最高的教席。

2、20世纪70年代他与彭罗斯一道证明了著名的奇性定理，为此他们共同获得了1988年的沃尔夫物理奖。他因此被誉为继爱因斯坦之后世界上最著名的科学思想家和最杰出的理论物理学家。

3、斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金的研究为理解黑洞和宇宙本源奠定了基础，他在动画片《辛普森一家》（The Simpsons）和科幻剧集 《星际迷航：下一代》（Star Trek：The Next Generation）中的演出也同样精彩。

参考资料：百度百科-斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金

Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas, who had been the Member of Parliament for the University. It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton. His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel. Stephen Hawking has two popular books published; his best seller A Brief History of Time, and his later book, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays.

S……（此处省略300字）

斯蒂芬·威廉姆·霍金（Stephen William Hawking）剑桥大学应用数学及理论物理学系教授，当代最重要的广义相对论和宇宙论家，是本世纪享有国际盛誉的伟人之一，被称为在世的最伟大的科学家。生于1942年1月8日的霍金刚好出生于伽利略逝世300周年纪念日之时。70年代他与彭罗斯一道证明了著名的奇性定理，为此他们共同获得了1988年的沃尔夫物理奖。他因此被誉为继爱因斯坦之后世界上最著名的科学思想家和最杰出的理论物理学家。 他还证明了黑洞的面积定理。霍金的生平是非常富有传奇性的，在科学成就上，他是有史以来最杰出的科学家之一。他担任的职务是剑桥大学有史以来最为崇高的教授职务，那是牛顿和狄拉克担任过的卢卡逊数学教授。他拥有几个荣誉学位，是英国皇家学会会员。 他因患“渐冻症”（肌萎缩性侧索硬化症），禁锢在一张轮椅上达40年之久，他却身残志不残，使之化为优势，克服了残废之患而成为国际物理界的超新星。他不能写，甚至口齿不清，但他超越了相对论、量子力学、大爆炸等理论而迈入创造宇宙的“几何之舞”。尽管他那么无助地坐在轮椅上，他的思想却出色地遨游到广袤的时空，解开了宇宙之谜。 霍金的魅力不仅在于他是一个充满传奇色彩的物理天才，也因为他是一个令人折服的生活强者。他不断求索的科学精神和勇敢顽强的人格力量深深地吸引了每一个知道他的人。 斯蒂芬•威廉姆•霍金于1942年1月8日（伽利略逝世300年忌日）生于英格兰牛津。他父母原住在伦敦北部，但在第二次世界大战期间，牛津被认为是一个生 育孩子较安全的地方。他八岁时，他家搬到圣•爱尔本斯，伦敦北面20英里的一 个小镇。十一岁时，史蒂芬到圣•爱尔本斯学校上学，然后上牛津的"大学学院 "（University College)--他父亲上过的学院。虽然他父亲想让他学医，但他却想学数学。而大学学院没开数学专业，所以他选择了学物理。在大学学院学了 三年，没花多大工夫，他被授予自然科学甲等荣誉学位。 然后史蒂芬到康桥做宇宙学研究，那个时候在牛津还没有一个人从事宇宙学研 究。他的导师是丹尼斯•西马，虽然他本希望弗雷德•霍依尔做他的导师的， 费雷德•霍依尔当时正在康桥工作。获得博士学位后，他在刚维尔•塞斯学院先是做助研，后来便做职业研究工作。1973年斯蒂芬离开天文学院来到应用数学和理 论物理系。自1979年，斯蒂芬做"路克斯"数学教授。这个职位是1663年根据莱 佛仁德•亨利•路克斯的遗嘱以路克斯留下的钱作?基金创建的。路克斯曾经是 该大学的英国议员。第一个获得"路克斯"数学教授职位的是依扎克•巴洛， 然后是依扎克•牛顿。 斯蒂芬•霍金一直从事宇宙的基本定律的研究工作。与罗杰•彭罗斯一起，他发现爱因斯坦的广义相对论暗示了空间和时间是从大爆炸奇点处开始而至黑洞结 束。这些结果显示把广义相对论与量子理论结合起来是必要的，这是二十世纪前半世纪的另一个科学发展。他发现的这样一个结合的一个后果是黑洞不应该是完全黑的，黑洞向外辐射，最终蒸发，消失。另一个推测是宇宙在想象的时间里没 有边缘，它是无限的。这将意味着宇宙形成的方式完全是由科学定律决定的。 他发表的著作包括：与G.F.R.艾利斯合着的《时空的大规模结构》，与W.以色 列合着的《广义相对论：爱因斯坦世纪眺望》和与W.以色列合着的《重力300年》 。史蒂芬•霍金有两部畅销书：他的最畅销书--《时间简史》，和后来的《黑 洞、婴儿宇宙及其它》。 霍金教授有十二个荣誉学位。1982年他被授予CBE，1989年获荣誉伙伴称号。 他获得过许多奖励，奖金，奖牌。他是英国皇家学会会员和美国国家科学学会会员。 斯蒂芬•霍金继续把他的家庭生活（他有三个子女和一个孙子女），他的理论物理研究与广泛的旅行和演讲结合起来。 About Stephen - A Brief History of Mine Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. His parents' house was in north London, but during the second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. When he was eight, his family moved to St Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London. At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to University College, Oxford, his father's old college. Stephen wanted to do Mathematics, although his father would have preferred medicine. Mathematics was not available at University College, so he did Physics instead. After three years and not very much work he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science. Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas, who had been the Member of Parliament for the University. It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton. Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great Scientific development of the first half of the 20th Century. One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear. Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time. This would imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of science. His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel. Stephen Hawking has two popular books published; his best seller A Brief History of Time, and his later book, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays. Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees, was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes and is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences. Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children and one grandchild), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive programme of travel and public lectures.

Stephen Huo Jin was born in 1942 , got the physics doctorate , did research work in British Cambridge University. Have already while getting 21 years old ago perceived, He unavoidably fell down once getting about. Though she suffers from the serious encephalopathic day by day, he decide that continues being engaged in the research and writing. Speaking , read and writing that oneself can even if will have fingers of a hand that can move about in the future that he must find the method to make. That " time biref history " of his became the best seller in 1988. 斯蒂芬·霍金1942年出生，获得过物理学博士学位，在英国剑桥大学作过研究工作。到21岁的时候就已经察觉到，他一走动就难免摔倒。虽然她患有日趋严重的脑病，但是他决定继续从事研究和写作。他必须找到办法使自己即使今后有一只手的手指能够活动也能讲话、阅读和写作。他的那本《时间简史》在1988年成了畅销书。更长的： Hawking grew up outside London in an intellectual family. His father was a physician and specialist in tropical diseases; his mother was active in the Liberal Party. He was an awkward schoolboy, but knew from early on that he wanted to study science. He became increasingly skilled in mathematics and in 1958 he and some friends built a primitive computer that actually worked. In 1959 he won a scholarship to Oxford University, where his intellectual capabilities became more noticeable. In 1962 he got his degree with honors and went to Cambridge University to pursue a PhD in cosmology. There he became intrigued with black holes (first proposed by J. Robert Oppenheimer) and "space-time singularities," or events in which the laws of physics seem to break down. After receiving his PhD, he stayed at Cambridge, becoming known even in his 20s for his pioneering ideas and use of Einstein's formulas, as well as his questioning of older, established physicists. In 1968 he joined the staff of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge and began to apply the laws of thermodynamics to black holes by means of very complicated mathematics. He published the very technical book, Large Scale Structure of Space-Time but soon afterwards made a startling discovery. It had always been thought that nothing could escape a black hole; Hawking suggested that under certain conditions, a black hole could emit subatomic particles. That is now know as Hawking Radiation. He continued working on the theory of the origin of the universe, and in doing so found ways to link relativity (gravity) with quantum mechanics (the inner workings of atoms). This contributed enormously to what physicists call Grand Unified Theory, a way of explaining, in one equation, all physical matter in the universe. In 1988 Hawking wrote A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes , explaining the evolution of his thinking about the cosmos for a general audience. It became a best-seller of long standing and established his reputation as an accessible genius. He wrote other popular articles and appeared in movies and television. He remains extremely busy, his work hardly slowed by Lou Gehrig's disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a disease that affects muscle control) for which he uses a wheelchair and speaks through a computer and voice synthesizer. "My goal is simple. It is complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all." Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. His parents' house was in north London, but during the second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. His parents' house was in north London, but during the second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. When he was eight, his family moved to St Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London. At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to University College, Oxford, his father's old college. Stephen wanted to do Mathematics, although his father would have preferred medicine. Mathematics was not available at University College, so he did Physics instead. After three years and not very much work he was awarded a firstclass honours degree in Natural Science. Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. he became first a Research Fellow, andlater on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas, who had been the Member ofParliament for the University. It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton.Stephen Hawking is perhaps best known for his discovery, in 1974, that black holes emit radiation, and for his no boundary proposal made in 1983 with Jim Hartle of Santa Barbara. His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel. Stephen Hawking has two popular books published; his best seller A Brief History of Time, and his later book, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays. Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees, was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes and is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences. Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive programme of travel and public lectures.

史蒂芬·威廉·霍金（Stephen William Hawking），1942年1月8日在英国伦敦出生，曾先后毕业于牛津大学和剑桥大学三一学院，并获剑桥大学哲学博士学位。他在轮椅上坐了40年，现在全身只有面部肌肉会动，演讲和问答只能通过语音合成器来完成。英国剑桥大学应用数学及理论物理学系教授，当代最重要的广义相对论和宇宙论家，是本世纪享有国际盛誉的伟人之一，被称为在世的最伟大的科学家，还被称为“宇宙之王”。1942年1月8日生于英国牛津的霍金刚好出生于伽利略逝世300周年纪念日之时。70年代他与彭罗斯一道证明了著名的奇性定理，为此他们共同获得了1988年的沃尔夫物理奖。他因此被誉为继爱因斯坦之后世界上最著名的科学思想家和最杰出的理论物理学家。 他还证明了黑洞的面积定理。霍金的生平是非常富有传奇性的，在科学成就上，他是有史以来最杰出的科学家之一。他担任的职务是剑桥大学有史以来最为崇高的教授职务，那是牛顿和狄拉克担任过的卢卡逊数学教授。他拥有几个荣誉学位，是英国皇家学会会员。 他因患“渐冻症”（肌萎缩性侧索硬化症 卢伽雷氏症），禁锢在一把轮椅上达40年之久，他却身残志不残，使之化为优势，克服了残废之患而成为国际物理界的超新星。他不能写，甚至口齿不清，但他超越了相对论、量子力学、大爆炸等理论而迈入创造宇宙的“几何之舞”。尽管他那么无助地坐在轮椅上，他的思想却出色地遨游到广袤的时空，解开了宇宙之谜。 霍金的魅力不仅在于他是一个充满传奇色彩的物理天才，也因为他是一个令人折服的生活强者。他不断求索的科学精神和勇敢顽强的人格力量深深地吸引了每一个知道他的人。 他被誉为“在世的最伟大的科学家””另一个爱因斯坦”"不折不扣的生活强者”。Stephen William Hawking (Stephen William Hawking), 1942 years 1 on 8 in London, England-born, has graduated from Oxford University and Trinity College, Cambridge University and was a doctorate of philosophy at the University of Cambridge. He sat in a wheelchair for 40 years and now only full-body facial muscles move, lectures and question-and-answer only through voice synthesizer to complete. University of Cambridge applied mathematics and theoretical physics professor, the most important general relativity and cosmology, is this century's international reputation of one of the great man, known as the world's greatest scientists, also known as "the universe King. " January 8, 1942 was born in Oxford, Britain's exactly Hawking was born in 300 anniversary of the death of Galileo at the time. Penrose and 70s, he proved a famous theorem of singularity, for which they jointly won the 1988 Wolf Prize for physics. He therefore called Einstein, following after the world's best-known scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist. He also proved that the size of the black hole theorem. Hawking's life is full of legendary, achievements in science, history, he is one of the most distinguished scientists. He held a number of positions at the University of Cambridge is a professor of the history of the most noble duties, it was Newton and served as Dirac's son Luca, a professor of mathematics. He holds several honorary degrees, is a member of the Royal Society. Due to his "cold gradually disease" (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Lu Jia Reye syndrome), and false imprisonment in a wheelchair as long as 40 years, he was not physically disabled chi, to make it into the advantages and overcome The suffering and disability of the international physics community supernova. He could not write, and even inarticulate, but he goes beyond the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, such as the Big Bang theory and the creation of the universe into the "Dance of Geometry." So even though he will not help to a wheelchair, he was thinking of the excellent manner in which to travel the vast space-time, solved the mystery of the universe. Hawking's charm lies not only in that he is a legendary physical talent, but also because he is a strong admiration of life. He and groping the scientific spirit of the brave and indomitable strength of character deeply attracted to know each him. He praised as "the world's greatest scientists," "another Einstein," "out-and-out life of the strong."

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