高级英语课程总结

Thetextistalkingaboutatrailthathadrockedthewholeworld,whichispopularly known as the“monkey trial”. Because it debated the divergence of religiousand science, the former referred to the fundamentalism and the latter Darwinism.TheprotagonistalsothewriterwasahighschoolscienceteacherinDayton,Tennessee, by teaching evolution so was accused of breaking the law. In the court, thecounsel for his defense Clarence Darrow and the counsel for the prosecution WilliamJenningsBryanhadasharpdebatewhichhaschangedtheclimateofAmerican’sintellectual and paved the way for scientific progress.At the first day of the trial, thousands of people in the small town all came to thetrail to see the result. The small town was like a circus in which banners and standssoldfoodsandbookscanbeseenhereandthere,justliketocelebrateafamousfestival. Most of the residents were fundamentalists who came here to support theirspokesman Bryan. Bryan was a man of politics who had silver-tongued and had hisown way of rousing his audience. Meanwhile, a dozen distinguished professors andscientistsreadytotestifyforthewriterandtheyhadgreatconfidencetospeakforhim.The presiding judge John Raulston was an old and fat man with rosy color faceandstrongaccent.Fromhisannouncementitcouldbeseenthatheisnotknowledgeableatlawbuthissonwasabrilliantattorney-general.Thewriter’scounsel included four people who had each one’s own religion. What’s more, most ofthejurorshadneverreadanybookexcepttheBible,noteventhelaw.Darrowexpressedthereasonwhythewriterhadbeensuedwasthatignoranceandbigotryagainst the science and this forth was powerful and it was actually a kind of backslideto the society.Nextday,after two of studentstestifying, the realdebate was begin.AlthoughBryan was loud and proud, his words were not very persuasive as the way he used inpolitics. On the contrary, Malone’s speech has wined a storm of applause.Then it came to the climax. Darrow suddenly presented his mostadvantageoustactic by calling Bryan as a witness for the defense which has puzzled him. Darrow letBryan talked about the Bible and asked him questions whichembarrassed him a lotbecause he couldn’t answer it for a full reason. Until here, the result was clear. Nextday, the writer was fined 100 dollars symbolically. It was a”victorious defeat”, but itwas a best result.Afterthat,Bryanwasdeadfordepressionandexhaustion.Thewriterwasarranged a scholarship at the University of Chicago and later he became a geologistfor an oil company. Although the trail has passed for tens ofyears, the influence itbrought to America even the world is profound and lasting.

总结如下：

一、明喻是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like，as，as if，as though等。

二、隐喻这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

三、提喻又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。

相关要点：

它主要指那些没有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧，它与语法、语言结构和词汇的关系密切，只是为了修辞和立意新颖的缘故，对之做了一些调整。

举一种情况进行说明：为了增加文采，强化文章的表现力，常常避免重复使用同一个词汇，而另选他词。这种无固定格式可循的消极修辞手段被称为Elegant Variation（求雅换词）。

要想取得较好的课堂教学效果，首先应该要求学生做好课堂前的准备活动：阅读全文，阅读课文导读，不要忘记阅读课文注释。一般来说，做到阅读课文并不难的，多数学生可以做到。只有个别学生连课文都懒得读就来上课，等着老师一口一口地喂他吃饭。不客气地说这样的学生别指望从这门课有多少收获。读一遍课文仅仅是最基本的要求，但还不够。《高级英语》的课文大都有相当的难度，第一遍读下来很可能有摸不着头脑的感觉。这时，About the text就有用了。和旧版比，第三版增加了About the text, 导读，介绍文章的创作背景、总体格局、主题、写作手法等，引导学生注意此文的特别之处。目的是帮助学生预习课文，免得他们感到无从下手，从而在课堂上处于一种消极被动的状态。我前面说，不要忘记读注释。注释提供课文中提到的历史事件、历史人物、地里、文化、宗教等各方面的背景知识。有的学生可能认为，课文已经很长了，再让我读注释，不是太烦了吗？我想告诉你，也许表面上是增加了阅读量，但注释帮助你扫除障碍，是事半功倍之举。我们历来认为，语言和思想内涵是结合的，学好一篇文章不能只限于研究语法、词汇、句子结构，同时一定要注意内容，在吸收语言的同时思考问题，扩大知识面。注释的功能是帮助学生了解与课文理解相关的文化信息。总之，这三个步骤是预习时必须做到的，也是我强烈推荐的。因为课前的充分准备是学生自主学习的重要部分，也是学生课堂参与的必要条件。如果这三步认真完成了，那么学生应该已经对课文有了初步的理解，已经掌握了一些关键词汇，一些难点自己已经攻破了，他们将带着还没有解决的问题来上课。他们上课的心态不是被动地听老师讲解，他们不仅带着耳朵，而且带着脑子，期望在老师的指导下解决更难的问题，并使得师生有时间和精力去深入探讨课文的文化内涵与人文精神。总之，预习的重要性如何强调都是不过分的，因为预习培养学生独立自主学习的能力，也是调动学生学习积极性、激发学生思维和鼓励学生参加课堂参与的先决条件。预习的三个步骤一个也不能少。上课带着问题有备而来，让每个学生做个勤奋主动的学生而不是懒惰被动的学生。为了帮助学生养成充分预习的好习惯，教师可以设计一些办法来检查学生的预习情况。比如，教师可要求学生上课前在一张纸上写下如下的内容: 文章题目，作者姓名，发表年代；用3-4句话总结文章的大意；就文章的写作或内容提出2-3个问题。这样可以做到一石二鸟：一是检查学生的预习；二是使得教学甩掉盲目性，更有针对性。