e英语教程3unit8

human cloning：a scientist's story 原文：I was extremely close with my mother all my life.She was a brilliant educator, writer and wonderful woman.Sadly, she developed complications related to diabetes.When she lost her eyesight and most of her ability to walk,it was absolutely horrifying for me.She passed away from a fall seven or eight years ago.At her funeral,I swore that one day I'd do something about conditions like hers.Years passed and I read about the work.the South Koreans had done with stem cells.In and Hwang Woo-Suk fraudulently reported that he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning.Back then it wasn't known it was a fraud,so it was very exciting to think that a long list of diseases could be treated.I founded the stem cell research company Stemagen with another gentleman whose father had died of ALS.We went out for drinks one night and we started talking about our parents.We wanted to do something that would be a legacy for them.For Better Or Worse?The moment we decided to start Stemagen,I read all there was to read about the various cloning efforts in the past.The cloned sheep Dolly in was very interesting,but at that stage people were not focusing on the stem cell aspect of cloning;they were focusing on the reproductive possibilities of cloning.Human reproductive cloning is just simply wrong ethically from a medical standpoint and a scientific standpoint,even ignoring any religious issues associated with it.The reason is that the majority of reproductive clones in other species are actually abnormal,with very high miscarriage rates,very high stillbirth rates, fetal anomalies,death soon after birth, et cetera.It would just be absolutely wrong to take a human being and put them through what may well involve significant suffering for really no good end.Even though people could take the techniques that we've developed and attempt to do it(or perhaps even be successful doing it),we hope that they would not.On the other hand,therapeutic cloning does not involve any type of risk to human life and actually provides tremendous potential for the relief of suffering in real human beings who are going through some awful things.I'm a pure scientist in some ways,and I know that many different studies or findings could be used for evil.Our job as scientists is to make the most of this technology and make it available to the greatest number of other scientists who can help us do good things with it.There's really no effective way for an individual scientist to stop someone else from using the knowledge for something they shouldn't.We need to be honest about the techniques that we used.They need to be able to be replicated by other people,and so, we are providing a roadmap.I would hope that the legislation that's in place and the great public disapproval that would result from any attempt to clone a human would dissuade anyone from going down that path.What is it they say?There is no technology that hasn't been used for some evil purpose at some point.Quite honestly I do think that someone will attempt human reproductive cloning.I do think it's inevitable,and it's virtually impossible to legislate that away.Claim to Fame I am spoken of as the first man to "clone himself."There are different types of cloning.At the cellular level, yes, it's true I am the first man to clone himself.We thought a great deal about how to deal with the issue of whose cells we should use and whether we should let the world and the scientific community know who the first cellular clone was.In the end we decided that we wanted to put a human face on cloning.I didn't anticipate it would create the firestorm of controversy that it's created,but I'm still glad we went down that path.We received thousands of e-mails and phone calls from people who need help.I think by coming forward and putting a face to it we made it very real,and now people around the world know that cloning is here.I believe that very soon it will be used therapeutically,so I think our purpose was served.Pure ScienceWhat happens is an informed and consenting woman donates an egg and we remove her genetic material from the egg.Then we place a single skin cell inside that egg.What we're really interested in is creating disease-specific and person-specific stem cell lines.The procedure of taking cells from a person takes no more than a minute or two.You can take some skin cells from the arm, for example,and in one to two minutes,you can get the cells that you need to carry out this process.This process enables us to study the causes of specific diseases,such as Alzheimer's Disease, ALS or Parkinson's Disease,and then research a variety of treatments for these diseases.If the stem cell lines are created for any given individual and are later transplanted back into the individual,they will not be rejected by the individual.Sweet Success I always thought that when our research was successful I would just be pleased that we had accomplished this when others had not.In reality, it is transcendent — when you look through the microscope,you see what you may have looked like a long time ago, at least in part.When I looked down and saw that cloned blastocyst,it brought tears to my eyes.I had done this for my mother,and I realized, had she only been able to live a few years longer,maybe we could have used this technology to help her.It was emotional to see that potential,which she never had a chance to experience.There's a big misconception out there that we decided to destroy these embryos for some reason.There was so much skepticism about this process because of the scientific fraud from the past that it was critical that there be no doubt that they were clones.In the process of analysis, the embryos were destroyed by necessity.In other words,to get the genetic material from inside the cells to analyze it,you have to destroy the cell.We would have loved to have been able to avoid destroying them.Now we're working full-time on creating stem cell lines,and people are watching with great interest.The Pope And The President There are a variety of opponents to our work.We were condemned by the Vatican and mentioned in a negative light inPresident Bush's State of the Union address.In a sense it's an honor because it shows that we're doing something significant.It's not every day that you get condemned by the Vatican and President Bush in the same week.There's usually no dialogue between the researchers in the embryonic stem cell field and those who oppose it.It doesn't make sense to me that it's such an emotional and contentious topic.Logically, this is not life.I agree it's a potential life,but the vast majority of embryos never become life.The majority generate, don't implant and die. A fetus is a life.That argument makes sense to me,but it doesn't make sense to me to look at an embryo in a lab and give it all the rights of a human life.

八赛缪尔.伍德博士采访录I was extremely close with my morher all my life..She was a brilliant eductor ,writer and wonderful woman. Sadly, shen was developed complications related to diabetes.When she lost her eyesight and most of her ability to walk,it was absolutely horrifying for me She passed away from a fall seven or eightyears ago.At her funeral,I swore that one day I’d do something about conditions like hers.我一生与母亲无比亲密，她是一位卓越的教育家、作家，是一位了不起的女士。不幸的是，她患上了糖尿病引起的并发症。当她丧失视力和大部分行走能力时，我惊恐万分。七、八年前她摔了一脚，便离开人世。在她的葬礼上，我发誓有朝一日要为她那样的疾病做点什么。Years passed and I read about the work the South Koreans had done with stem cells.In 2004 and 2005 Hwang WooSuk fraudulently repoted that he had succeededin creating human embryoniv stem cells by cloning.Back then it wasn’t kown it was a fraud,so it was very excitinh to think that a long list of diseases could be treated.时间一年年过去了，我读到了韩国人在干细胞方面所做的工作。在2004和2005年之间，黄禹锡谎称他已通过克隆技术成功的培养出人类胚胎干细胞 当时人们并不知道那是造假，所以想到一长串疾病有望得到医治，人们兴奋不已。I found the stem cell research company Stemagen with another gentleman whose father hand died of ALS.We went out for drinks one night and we started talking about our parents.We wanted to do something that would be a legacy.for them.我与另一位先生共同创建了斯塔摩根干细胞研究公司。那位先生的父亲死于肌萎缩性侧索硬化。一天晚上我们出去小酌，讨论起我们的父母，我们想做点什么，以此作为他们身后留下的遗产。是福是祸？For Better or Worse?The moment we diceded to start Stemagen,I read all there was to read about the various cloning efforts in the past.The cloned sheep Dolly in 1997was very interesting,but at that stage people were not focusing on the stemcell aspect of cloning；they were focusing on the reproductive possibilities of cloning.一决定创建斯塔摩根干细胞研究公司，我就阅读了有关以往各种克隆实验的所有资料。1997年的克隆羊多利引起了人们极大的兴趣。但在那个时候，人们关注的不是克隆技术的干细胞层面，而是其无性繁殖的可能性问题。Human reproductive cloning is just simply wrong ethically from a medical standpoint and a scientific standpoint,even ignoring any religious issues associated with it.The reason is that the majority of reproductive clones in other species are actually abnormal,with very high miscarriage rates,very high stillbirth rates,fetal anomalie,death soon after birth,et cetera.从医学和科学的角度来看，克隆人在伦理道德上就是错误的，即便不去理会其相关的宗教问题，其原因在于其它物种的无性繁殖个体事实上大多数都是畸形的，流产率很高，死亡率也很高，胎儿畸形，出生不久就夭折，如此等等。It would just be absolutely wrong to take a human being and put them through what may well involve significant suffering for really no good end.Even though people could take the techniques that we’ve developed and attenp to do it(or perhaps even be successful doing it),we hope that they would not.让人经受极有可能遭到巨大痛苦的事，却又得不到什么好结果，那是绝对错误的。即使有人能够利用我们研发的技术，并且试图付诸实践（也许可能成功），我们还是希望他们不要那么做。On the other hand,therapeutic cloning does not involve any type of risk to human life and actually provides tremendous potential for the relief of suffering inreal human beings who are going through some awful things.从另一方面来说，治疗性的克隆技术不牵涉任何人对人生命的威胁，还能真正为正在经受痛苦的人们提供缓解痛苦的极大的可能性。I’m a pure scientist in some ways,and I know that manyvdifferent studies or findings could be used for evil.Our job as scientist is to make the most of this technology and make it available to the greatest number of other scientists who can help us do good things with it.There’s really no effective way for an individual scientist to stop someone else from using the knowledge for something they should’t.在某种程度上，我是一个纯粹的科学家，可我知道种种研究或发现可能被用来做邪恶的事。作为科学家 我们的工作是充分利用这一技术，并且使之尽可能被多的其他科学家掌握，帮助我们做好事。对于科学家个人而言，其实没什么行之有效的方法可以阻止他人将知识用到他们不该用的地方。We need to be honest aboutthe techniques that we used.They need to be able to be replicated by other people,and s9,we are providing a roadmap.I would hope that the legislation that’s in place and the hreat public disapproval that would result from any attempt to clone a human would dissuade anyone from going down that path.我们必须诚实的说明我们所使用的技术。这些技术必须能够被他人复制，这样，我们等于提供了一张线路图。我希望适当的法规及公众对于试图克隆人的极力反对能够劝阻任何有此企图的人走那条路。What is it they say?There is no technology that hasn’t been used for some evil purpose at some will attempt human reproductive cloning.I do think it’s inevitable,and it’s virtually impossible to legislate that away.他们是怎么说的？他们说没有一向技术不曾在某个时候为了某种罪恶目的而被利用过。坦白的说，我确实认为有人会试图克隆人。我确实认为那是不可避免的事，而且也不可能通过立法来加以阻止。出名Claim to FameI am spoken of as the first man to "clone himself."There are different types if cloning.At the cellular level,yes,it’s ture I am the first man to clone himself.We thought a great deal about how to deal with the issue of whose cells we should use and whether we should let the world and the scientific community know who the first cellular clone was.In the end we decieded that we wanted to put a human face on cloning.我被说成是第一个“克隆自己”的人。有不同类型的克隆。从细胞层面来说，没错，我的确是第一个克隆自己的人。我们应该使用谁的细胞，是否应该让世人及科学界知晓谁是第一个细胞克隆体。对于如何处理上诉问题我们想得很多。最终，我们决定要让克隆体人性化。I didn’t anticipate it would create the firstorm of controversy that it’s created,but I’m still glad we went down that path. We received thousands of e-mails and phone calls from people who need help.我没料到这样做竟掀起轩然大波。但是对于我们走过的这条路，我仍感到高兴。我们从需要帮助的人们那里收到成千上万的电子邮件和电话。I think by c9ming forward and putting a face to it we made it very real,and now people around the world know that cloning is here.I believe that very soon it will be used therapeutically,so I think our purpose was served.我认为通过主动的让克隆体人性化，我们使克隆技术变得十分真实。现在全世界的人都知道克隆了。我相信不久克隆技术就会被用于治疗疾病，所以我认为我们的目的达到了。纯科学Pure ScienceWhat happens is an informed and consenting woman donates an egg and we remove her gentic material from the egg.Then we place a single skin cell inside that egg.事情是这样的：一位被告知实情并表示同意的女士捐出一个卵子。我们取出卵子中的基因材料，然后把单个皮肤细胞植入卵子中。What we’re really interested 8n is creating disease-specific and person-specific stem cell lines.The procedure of taking cells from a person takes no more than a minute or two.You can take some skin cells from the arm,for example,and in one to two minutes,you can get the cells that you need to carry out this process 我们正真正感兴趣的是建立特定疾病及特定个体的干细胞系列。从某人身上取出细胞的程序不过一两分钟的功夫。比如，你可从手臂提取皮肤细胞，一两分钟后，便可得到实施这一过程所需的细胞。This process enables us to study the causes of specific diseases,such as Alzheimer’s Disease,ALS or Parkinson’s Disease,and then research a variety of treatments for these diseases.If the stem cell lines are created for any given individual and are later transplanted back into the individual,they will not be rejected by the individual.这一过程有助于我们探究诸如早老性痴呆病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化或帕金森氏病等特定疾病的起因，并着手研究治疗这些疾病的种种方法。如果干细胞系列是针对某一特定个体而培育的，然后又被移植回那个个体，它们就不会遭排异。甜蜜的成功Sweet SuccessI always thought that when our research was successful I would just be pleased that we had accomplished this when others had not.In reality,it is transcendent-when you look through the micioscope,you see what you may have looked like a long time ago,at least in part.我一直这么想，当我们的研究成果获得成功时，我会为我们取得别人还未取得的成就而感到欣喜。事实上，这一研究成果真的是妙不可言……透过显微镜，你至少部分的看到自己很久以前是大概什么模样。When I looked down and saw that cloned blastocyst,it brought tears to my eyes.I had done this for my mother,and I realized,had she only been able to live a few years longer,maybe we could have used this technology to help her.It was emotional to see tht potential,which she never had a chance to experience.当我低下头看克隆出的胚泡时，不由的泪水盈眶。我是为我的母亲而做的这一研究，我想，只要母亲能多活几年，我们或许就可以利用这一技术挽救她。看到存在那样一种可能，一种母亲没有亲身机会享受的可能，不禁令人感慨万千。There's a big misconception out there that we decided to destroy these embryos for some reason.There was so much skepticism about this process because of the scientific fraud from the past that it was critical that there be no doubt that they were clones.我们出于某种原因要毁掉这些克隆胚胎，对此外界有很大误解。由于以前的科学家造假行为，人们对于我们的研究过程抱有诸多怀疑，所以确保它们真是克隆胚胎是至关重要的。In the process of analysis,the embryos were destroyed by necessary.In other words, to get the genetic material from inside the cells to analyze it,you have to destroy the cell.We would have loved to have been able to avoid destroying them.在分析过程中，我们必须毁掉那些胚胎。换句话说，从细胞里提取遗传物质进行分析，你只得毁坏细胞。我们多么希望能避免毁掉它们阿。Now we're working full-time on creating stem cell lines,and people are watching with great interest.目前我们正夜以继日地培育干细胞系列，人们也饶有兴趣的关注着这项工作的进展。The Pope and the President教皇和总统There are a variety of opponents to our work.我们的工作遭到各方人士的反对。We were condemned by the Vatican and mentioned in a negative light in President Bush's State of the Union address.In a sense it's an honor because it shows that we're doing something significant.It's not every day that you get condemned by the Vatican and President Bush in the same week.罗马教廷谴责我们，布什总统的国情滋文对我们也颇有微词。在某种意义上，这是一种荣耀，因为这表明我们正做着有重大意义的事情。一周之内同时遭到罗马教廷和布什总统的谴责，这样的事可不是天天发生的。There's usually no dialogue between the researchers in the embryonic stem cell field and those who oppose it.胚胎干细胞领域内的研究人员和持反对的人士之间往往没有对话。It doesn't make sense to me that it's such an emotional and contentious topic.Logically,this is not life.I agree it's a potential life,but the vast majority of embryos never become life.The majority generate,don't implant and die.A fetus is a life.That argument makes sense to me,but it doesn't make sense to me look at an embryo in a lab and give it all the rights of a human life.这个话题如此惹人激动，并引起诺大的争议，依我看来实在大可不必。从谴责上来讲，胚胎并不是生命。我承认胚胎有可能成为生命，但是，大多数胚胎永远不会成为生命。多数胚胎生成后，并不用于移植，随即消亡。胎儿具有生命。依我之见，那个观点才合乎情理。但是，看着实验室的胚胎，赋予它人命的一切权利，在我看来，则是有失偏颇。

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八赛缪尔.伍德博士采访录I was extremely close with my morher all my life..She was a brilliant eductor ,writer and wonderful woman. Sadly, shen was developed complications related to diabetes.When she lost her eyesight and most of her ability to walk,it was absolutely horrifying for me She passed away from a fall seven or eightyears ago.At her funeral,I swore that one day I’d do something about conditions like hers.Years passed and I read about the work the South Koreans had done with stem cells.In 2004 and 2005 Hwang WooSuk fraudulently repoted that he had succeededin creating human embryoniv stem cells by cloning.Back then it wasn’t kown it was a fraud,so it was very excitinh to think that a long list of diseases could be treated.I found the stem cell research company Stemagen with another gentleman whose father hand died of ALS.We went out for drinks one night and we started talking about our parents.We wanted to do something that would be a legacy.for them.For Better or Worse?The moment we diceded to start Stemagen,I read all there was to read about the various cloning efforts in the past.The cloned sheep Dolly in 1997was very interesting,but at that stage people were not focusing on the stemcell aspect of cloning；they were focusing on the reproductive possibilities of cloning.Human reproductive cloning is just simply wrong ethically from a medical standpoint and a scientific standpoint,even ignoring any religious issues associated with it.The reason is that the majority of reproductive clones in other species are actually abnormal,with very high miscarriage rates,very high stillbirth rates,fetal anomalie,death soon after birth,et cetera.It would just be absolutely wrong to take a human being and put them through what may well involve significant suffering for really no good end.Even though people could take the techniques that we’ve developed and attenp to do it(or perhaps even be successful doing it),we hope that they would not.On the other hand,therapeutic cloning does not involve any type of risk to human life and actually provides tremendous potential for the relief of suffering inreal human beings who are going through some awful things.I’m a pure scientist in some ways,and I know that manyvdifferent studies or findings could be used for evil.Our job as scientist is to make the most of this technology and make it available to the greatest number of other scientists who can help us do good things with it.There’s really no effective way for an individual scientist to stop someone else from using the knowledge for something they should’t.We need to be honest aboutthe techniques that we used.They need to be able to be replicated by other people,and s9,we are providing a roadmap.I would hope that the legislation that’s in place and the hreat public disapproval that would result from any attempt to clone a human would dissuade anyone from going down that path.What is it they say?There is no technology that hasn’t been used for some evil purpose at some will attempt human reproductive cloning.I do think it’s inevitable,and it’s virtually impossible to legislate that away.Claim to FameI am spoken of as the first man to "clone himself."There are different types if cloning.At the cellular level,yes,it’s ture I am the first man to clone himself.We thought a great deal about how to deal with the issue of whose cells we should use and whether we should let the world and the scientific community know who the first cellular clone was.In the end we decieded that we wanted to put a human face on cloning.I didn’t anticipate it would create the firstorm of controversy that it’s created,but I’m still glad we went down that path. We received thousands of e-mails and phone calls from people who need help.I think by c9ming forward and putting a face to it we made it very real,and now people around the world know that cloning is here.I believe that very soon it will be used therapeutically,so I think our purpose was served.Pure ScienceWhat happens is an informed and consenting woman donates an egg and we remove her gentic material from the egg.Then we place a single skin cell inside that egg.What we’re really interested 8n is creating disease-specific and person-specific stem cell lines.The procedure of taking cells from a person takes no more than a minute or two.You can take some skin cells from the arm,for example,and in one to two minutes,you can get the cells that you need to carry out this process This process enables us to study the causes of specific diseases,such as Alzheimer’s Disease,ALS or Parkinson’s Disease,and then research a variety of treatments for these diseases.If the stem cell lines are created for any given individual and are later transplanted back into the individual,they will not be rejected by the individual.Sweet SuccessI always thought that when our research was successful I would just be pleased that we had accomplished this when others had not.In reality,it is transcendent-when you look through the micioscope,you see what you may have looked like a long time ago,at least in part.When I looked down and saw that cloned blastocyst,it brought tears to my eyes.I had done this for my mother,and I realized,had she only been able to live a few years longer,maybe we could have used this technology to help her.It was emotional to see tht potential,which she never had a chance to experience.There's a big misconception out there that we decided to destroy these embryos for some reason.There was so much skepticism about this process because of the scientific fraud from the past that it was critical that there be no doubt that they were clones.In the process of analysis,the embryos were destroyed by necessary.In other words, to get the genetic material from inside the cells to analyze it,you have to destroy the cell.We would have loved to have been able to avoid destroying them.Now we're working full-time on creating stem cell lines,and people are watching with great interest.The Pope and the PresidentThere are a variety of opponents to our work.We were condemned by the Vatican and mentioned in a negative light in President Bush's State of the Union address.In a sense it's an honor because it shows that we're doing something significant.It's not every day that you get condemned by the Vatican and President Bush in the same week.There's usually no dialogue between the researchers in the embryonic stem cell field and those who oppose it.It doesn't make sense to me that it's such an emotional and contentious topic.Logically,this is not life.I agree it's a potential life,but the vast majority of embryos never become life.The majority generate,don't implant and die.A fetus is a life.That argument makes sense to me,but it doesn't make sense to me look at an embryo in a lab and give it all the rights of a human life.