挪威英语介绍

Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway is a Nordic country on the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering Sweden, Finland and Russia. Norway has a very elongated shape; the country's extensive coastline along the North Atlantic Ocean is home to its famous fjords. The Kingdom of Norway also includes the Arctic island territories of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The Norwegian sovereignty on Svalbard is based on the Svalbard Treaty, but this does not apply to Jan Mayen. Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean and a claim for Peter I Island in the South Pacific Ocean are also external dependencies, but these are not part of the Kingdom. Norway also claims Queen Maud Land in Antarctica. Its citizens enjoy a high standard of living in a country that is generally perceived as clean and modern. HistoryArcheological finds indicate that there were people in Norway about 12,000 years ago. They probably came from more southern regions, that is northern Germany, and travelled further north along the Norwegian coastline. In the 9th century Norway consisted of a number of petty kingdoms. According to tradition, Harald Fairhair gathered the small kingdoms into one in 872 with the battle of Hafrsfjord. He became the first king of a united Norway. The Viking age (8th to 11th centuries) was one of unification and expansion.In 1349, the Black Death wiped out between 1/3 and 2/3 of the Norwegian population, causing a decline in both society and economics. During this decline, the Fairhair dynasty died out in 1387. Royal politics at the time resulted in several personal unions between the Nordic countries, eventually bringing the thrones of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden under the control of Queen Margrethe when the country entered into the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden. Sweden declared its independence in 1523, but Norway remained under the Danish crown until 1814. During the national romanticism of the 19th century, this period has sometimes been referred to as the "400-Year Night", since all of the kingdom's royal, intellectual, and administrative power was centred in Copenhagen, Denmark. Other factors also contributed to Norway's decline in this period. With the introduction of Protestantism in 1537, Norway lost the steady stream of pilgrims to the relics of St. Olav at the Nidaros shrine, and with them, much of the contact with cultural and economic life in the rest of Europe. Additionally, Norway saw its land area decrease in the 17th century with the loss of the provinces Båhuslen, Jemtland, and Herjedalen to Sweden, as a result of the wars between Denmark-Norway and Sweden. After Denmark-Norway was attacked by England, it entered into an alliance with Napoleon, and in 1814 found itself on the losing side in the Napoleonic Wars and in dire economic conditions. The Dano-Norwegian Oldenburg king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden. Norway took this opportunity to declare independence, adopted a constitution based on American and French models, and elected the Danish crown prince Christian Fredrik as king on May 17 1814. However, Sweden militarily forced Norway into a personal union with Sweden, establishing Charles XIII of Sweden as king or Norway (as Carl II). Under this arrangement, Norway kept its liberal constitution and independent institutions, except for the foreign service. See also Norway in 1814. This period also saw the rise of the Norwegian romantic nationalism cultural movement, as Norwegians sought to define and express a distinct national character. The movement covered all branches of culture, including literature (Henrik Wergeland, Maurits Christopher Hansen, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, Jørgen Moe, Henrik Ibsen), painting (Hans Gude, Adolph Tiedemand), music (Edvard Grieg), and even language policy, where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today's two official written forms for Norwegian; Bokmål and Nynorsk. Peter Christian Hersleb Kjerschow Michelsen (March 15, 1857 – June 29, 1925), a Norwegian shipping magnate and statesman, was Prime Minister of Norway from 1905 to 1907. In 1913, Norwegian women gained suffrage. Norway was a neutral country during World War I. Norway also attempted to claim neutrality during World War II, but was invaded by German forces on April 9, 1940 (Operation Weserübung). In 1944, the Germans evacuated the provinces of Finnmark and northern Troms, using a scorched earth tactic to create a vast area of No-man's land in response to the Red Army attacking their positions in eastern Finnmark. The Soviets attacked eastern Finnmark to create a buffer zone after pushing the German forces out of the arctic Kola peninsula. The Russians peacefully returned the area to Norwegian control after the war. The German forces in Norway surrendered on May 8 1945. Norway was one of the signatories of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 and was a founding member of the United Nations, providing its first secretary general – Trygve Lie. Norway has twice voted against joining the European Union (in 1972 and 1994), but is associated with the EU via the European Economic Area. However, Norway is a member of the much smaller European Free Trade Association (EFTA). PoliticsNorway is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. The Royal House is a branch of the princely family of Glücksburg, originally from Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, although controversy has recently surfaced about the true lineage of the Norwegian monarchs. [1] As it stands, however, the functions of the King, Harald V, are mainly ceremonial, but he has influence as the symbol of national unity. GeographyThe landscape is generally rugged and mountainous, with several major glaciers occupying central mountain plateau. Its coastline of over 83,000 kilometres (51,575 mi) [1] is punctuated by steep-sloped inlets known as fjords, as well as a multitude of islands and islets. The northern part of the country is also known as the Land of the Midnight Sun because of its location north of the Arctic Circle, where for part of each summer the sun does not set, and in winter much of its land remains dark for long periods. In summertime in the southern part of Norway, the sun is only away for a few hours. Norway is bounded by seas of the North Atlantic Ocean: the North Sea to the southwest and its large inlet the Skagerrak to the south, and the Norwegian Sea to the west. CultureNorway is the home of several famous playwrights and novelists, among others Baron Ludvig Holdberg, Henrik Ibsen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and more recently, Jon Fosse, and Georg Johannesen, The playwright/novelists Knut Hamsun and Sigrid Undset, have both won the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1903 and 1920 respectively. Norway is the homeland of expressionist painter Edvard Munch and the sculptor Gustav Vigeland and romanticist composer Edvard Grieg. Many Norwegians have explored the farthest corners of the world, i.e. Roald Amundsen, Fridtjof Nansen, and Thor Heyerdahl. Composers Edvard Grieg, Ole Bull, Christian Sinding and Arne Nordheim are recognised contributors to the Music of Norway. Among the contributors to pop music are A-ha, Röyksopp, Motorpsycho and Turbonegro. Norway is known for its large contributions to music, particularly in the black metal scene. Where such bands as Dimmu Borgir, Darkthrone, Enslaved, Burzum, Satyricon, Mayhem, Gorgoroth, Immortal, and Emperor have all made a name for themselves. Norwegians celebrate their national day on May 17, the Norwegian Constitution Day. LanguagesThe Norwegian language has two official written forms: bokmål and nynorsk. There are no official spoken norms. EconomyThe Norwegian economy is an example of mixed economy, featuring a combination of free market activity and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the vital petroleum sector. The control mechanisms over the petroleum resources is a combination of state ownership in major operators in the Norwegian fields (Statoil ca 70% in 2005, Norsk Hydro 43% in 2004) while specific taxes on oil-profits for all operators are set to 78%, finally the government controls licencing of exploration and production of fields. The country is richly endowed with natural resources: petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals. Norway has obtained one of the highest standards of living in the world, partly from petroleum production but mainly from efficent economic policies, creating a good environment for doing business. Norway has a very high employment ratio. In 2004, oil and gas accounted for 50% of exports. Only Saudi Arabia and Russia export more oil than Norway, which is not a member of OPEC. The last 30 years, the Norwegian economy has shown various signs of the economic phenomenon called Dutch disease. In response to Dutch Disease, and to concerns about oil and gas reserve depletions, in 1995 the Norwegian state started to put away the annual surplus in a fund, now called Government Petroleum Fund. The fund is invested in developed financial markets outside Norway. The fiscal strategy is to spend the "normal interest" of the fund each year, set to 4 per cent. By January 2006, the Fund was at USD 200 billion, representing 70 per cent of GDP in Norway. Norway opted to stay out of the European Union during a referendum in 1972, and again in November 1994. However, Norway, together with Iceland and Liechtenstein, participates in the EU's single market via the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement. The EEA Treaty, between the EU nations and the EFTA nations, EØS-loven [5], is constituted as superior law in Norway, which makes Norway a full member of EU's free trade market. In 2000 the government sold one-third of the then 100% state-owned oil company Statoil. The economic growth was 0.8% in 1999, 2.7% in 2000, and 1.3% in 2001. After little growth in 2002 and 2003, the economy expanded more rapidly in 2004. Recent research shows early evidence of massive amounts of coal beneath the oil-reserves on the continental shelf of Norway.[2]. A rough estimate has been given at 3×1012 tonnes of coal of unknown quality in these reserves. In comparison, the currently known coal reserves for the entire world is estimated at 0.9×1012 tonnes. The coal is inaccessible today, but there are realistic hopes that it can be accessed in the future. Animal rights and anti-whaling groups have commented that given Norway's economic position it is paradoxical that this is one of a very small number of countries actively engaged in, and favouring the continuation of, commercial whaling. This is despite the argued negligible contribution that whaling makes to the economy, and despite opposition from around the world ([6]). Many supporters of whaling agree that its macroeconomic importance is negligible, but hold that the livelihood of individuals and small firms depend on it and that sustainable development depends on human harvesting of all non-endangered species ([7]), and that it is an important part of culture in costal areas. Norway's whaling today is limited to the non-endangered Minke Whale, whom are killed using explosive grenade harpoons, which also accounts for more than 90% of the catch in Norwegian waters since the 1920s。DemographicsThe size of the Norwegian population is around 4.6 million and is increasing by 0.4% per year (estimate July 2004). Ethnically most Norwegians are Nordic / North Germanic, while small minorities in the north are Sami or Finnish (see also Kven). The Sami are considered an indigenous people and traditionally live in the Northern parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. The largest concentration of Sami people is, however, found in Norway's capital Oslo.

基本情况 国名：挪威王国（The Kingdom of Norway，Kongeriket Norge） 国名释义：挪威一词，大约出现于9 世纪， 它是由Norreweg转来，意为"通往北方之路"、"北方航道"。当时来往于斯堪的纳维亚半岛的航道主要有3条：东路经波罗的海，西路经北海，北路沿着半岛的北岸出入。 当时，北路一线海岸地区依航线的名称被叫做"诺雷韦格(Norreweg)地区"，是将日耳曼语的Norre( 北)和Weg(路)拼合而成的地名。在英语中，将其后半部的"韦格"Weg(路)换成英语的"威 "Way(路)，读作"挪威"(Norway)。但在挪威本国，人们还是把从古名演变过来的Norge作为正式国名。 独立日：6月7日（1905年） 国庆日：5月17日（1814年） 国花：石南花 国鸟：河鸟 国歌：《对！我们热爱祖国》 语言：挪威语 挪威通行两种相似的官方语言，学校也教授这两种语言。波克默尔语(Bokmal) 是主要语言，因为由丹麦文演变而来，所以又称丹麦式挪语(Dano-Norwegian)。通用于百分之八十的人口。 另一种语言则是新挪威语(New-Norwegian或Nynorsk)，因为是从丹麦统治时的旧挪威语演变而来，包涵许多日常方言的特色，具草根性。二次大战后，由于都市化的影响，新挪威语明显少用了，所以波克默尔语还是占优势。观光区的挪威人也普遍说英文，但乡村地区的人们几乎不说英文。 民族：日耳曼族挪威人占95%，北部有萨米族约2万人。 宗教：基督教 货币：挪威克朗(krone)通常在国际汇市写成NOK，在北欧写成Nkr，挪威境内则是kr。 1挪威克郎等于100欧雷(Ore)，有面额50欧雷，1、5、10、20克郎的硬币及50、100、200、500、1000克郎的纸币。 国旗：呈长方形，长与宽之比为11:8。旗地为红色，旗面上有蓝、白色的十字形图案，略偏左侧。挪威曾在1397年与丹麦、瑞典结成卡尔马联盟，为丹麦所统治，所以国旗上的十字源自丹麦国旗的十字图案。挪威国旗有两种，政府机构悬挂燕尾式国旗，其他场合悬挂上述横长方形国旗。1821年，挪威制定商船旗时以此为图案。1905年独立时，正式定为国旗。红、蓝、白三色的组合，是典型的自由与独立的标志。 国徽：挪威简洁明了的国徽呈盾形，红色的盾面上直立着一只金色狮子，头戴王冠，持金柄银斧。金狮是力量的象征，银斧是挪威自由的保护者圣奥拉夫的武器。盾徽上端是一顶镶嵌着圆球和十字的金色王冠。它最初于13世纪出现在哈康国王祖先斯瓦莱国王的旗帜与徽章上。盾徽中雄狮前肢紧握战斧的图案是8世纪以来神圣国王的个人象征。金色雄狮头上的王冠造形简朴，体现了斯堪的纳维亚地区金属制作的特有风格。盾徽顶端的王冠，象征王族的威严和至高无上的权力。 国家政要：国王哈拉尔五世 (Harald V)，１９９１年继承王位；首相斯托尔滕贝格(Jens Stoltenberg)，２００５年１０月任职。 餐饮简介： 广大的国土却有三分之一位于北极圈内，因此份量充足又能提供热能的饮食，便形成日常生活的餐饮模式。早餐份量充足，起士、熏鲑鱼、鸡蛋、麦片、面包、咖啡、红茶等，午餐用得不多，晚餐可以品尝烧烤驯鹿肉或雷鸟，不过著名的维京料理却是一种以冷食为主的餐点，有兴趣也可以试试。挪威人最爱喝啤酒，葡萄酒和威士忌价钱很高。 习俗：挪威人非常喜欢握手。无论何时，当陌生人相会，总要握手及互道姓名。同样地，当以后遇见了不怎么熟的人，你也得在招呼时及道别时握手。 电话： 挪威电话号码无区域码，所有国内电话号码皆为8码。公用电话收1、5、10克郎硬币，查号台：180。 打长途电话用卡式电话会较方便，电话卡面额有35、98及210克郎3种，可在报摊(Narvesen)购得。17:00-8:00的通话费是其它时段的1/3。 自然地理 面积为３８５１５５平方公里（包括斯瓦尔巴群岛、扬马延岛等属地）。位于北欧斯堪的纳维亚半岛西部，东邻瑞典，东北与芬兰和俄罗斯接壤，南同丹麦隔海相望，西濒挪威海。海岸线长２．１万公里（包括峡湾），多天然良港。斯堪的纳维亚山脉纵贯全境，高原、山地、冰川约占全境２／３以上。南部小丘、湖泊、沼泽广布。大部分地区属温带海洋性气候。 挪威是世界重要的海事国之一，其海岸线曲折，近海岛屿达１５万多个，既是优良港口，又是风景优美的游览区。 挪威本土属亚寒带针叶林气候，斯瓦尔巴群岛、扬马延岛属苔原气候。首都年平均气温7℃，年降水量740毫米左右。 在位于其西海岸的贝根，可欣赏到由百万年冰川地形变动而形成的峡湾景色，远眺群山环抱两岸风光美丽，令人目不暇给。奥斯陆是挪威的著名港口，四周山水环抱，风光如画，亦是全国最大的经济文化中心。福洛格纳公园、维京船博物馆等都是这里的著名游览区，还有一座滑雪博物馆，详细介绍关于滑雪的历史。 挪威地处偏北，其最南点（北纬约５８度）比中国最北点（不到北纬５４度）还要北。北极圈横穿挪威北部，北部一些城市到了６、７月份根本没有夜，可以看到午夜的太阳以及美丽的北极光。最北端的北角也是欧洲大陆的最北点。 许多人把木制狭板教堂看成是斯堪的纳维亚国家的特色，如今，这类教堂在世界上保存最完好的主要是在挪威。挪威现存３０座木制教堂，而奥尔内斯木制教堂则是它们当中最引人注目的一座。它位于西海岸的松恩－菲尤拉讷郡，建于１２世纪。教堂是一个四方形的三层建筑，全部用木材建成，每层都有陡峭的披檐，上为尖顶，外形颇似东方的神庙。教堂的山墙上刻有各种图案。教堂内的陈设至今仍保持着中世纪时的风格。教堂目前保存完好，观光者络绎不绝。１９７９年，奥尔内斯木制教堂被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产之一。 霍尔门考山是挪威的滑雪圣地。它位于奥斯陆东北约１３公里处，海拔３７１米，风景优美。从１８９２年起，每年３月，世界闻名的滑雪大赛都在此举行。如果从远处眺望奥斯陆城市的轮廓，你会看到霍尔门考伦跳雪台非常醒目地高高耸立在奥斯陆霍尔门考伦山上。它也是这项最具有挪威特色的体育项目的非常生动、形象的一种标志。霍尔门考伦山下还有一个滑雪博物馆。 人口 ４６０．５万（２００５年１月）。９６％为挪威人，外国移民约占４.６％。有萨米族约３万人，主要分布在北部。官方语言为挪威语，英语为通用语。９０％居民信奉国教基督教路德宗。 首都 奥斯陆（Oslo），市区人口约５３万（２００５年１月）。 奥斯陆是挪威的政治中心,也是金融,商业和工业中心,它的造船业在世界造船业中占有突出地位,堪称“海洋之都” 行政区划 全国设１市１８郡，下设４５４个市政：奥斯陆（市）、阿克什胡斯、东福尔、海德马克、奥普兰、布斯克吕、西福尔、泰勒马克、东阿格德尔、西阿格德尔、罗加兰、霍达兰、松恩－菲尤拉讷、默勒－鲁姆斯达尔、南特伦德拉格、北特伦德拉格、诺尔兰、特罗姆斯、芬马克。

挪威尽管所处的纬度比较高，但由于受墨西哥暖流的影响，使得挪威的气候比较温和。在墨西哥暖流的影响下，西部地区属海洋性气候，夏季凉爽干燥，冬季温和多雪，年均降水量在2000毫米左右。而东部地区由于有中部的山脉做屏障，气候主要属内陆性特征，冬暖夏凉。Although Norway's latitude is higher, but because of the influence of the Gulf Stream, the Norwegian climate is mild. Under the influence of the Gulf Stream, western region belong to maritime climate, summer is cool, dry, mild winter snow, an annual rainfall of 2000 mm. Mountains in central and eastern region because of the barrier, the main inland climate characteristics, warm in winter and cool in summer.

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