Positivistic/Empiricist Science实证主义科学与经验主义科学Science discovers the true nature of reality.科学揭露了现实的本质。Only the logic of justification is needed to understand science.理解科学就必须理解理由的逻辑序理。Science can be understood without considering cultural, social, political, and economic factoras.理解科学时，不需要加入文化、社会、政治以及应急色彩。Science is objective.科学是客观的。Scientific knowledge is absolute and cumulative.科学知识不受任何限制，且是通过长时间积累下来的。Science is capable of discovering universal laws that govern the external world.科学能够揭露客观时间的普遍规律。Science produces theories that come closer and closer to absolute truth.科学产生很多理论，一步一步地走向真理。Science is rational since it follows formal rules of logic,科学是理性的，因为它沿着过去的逻辑规律前进。There are specific rules for doing science validly (e.g.. falsification),有具体的规则来证明科学的正确性，比如作假等。Scientists subject their theories to potential falsification through rigorous empirical testing.科学家们通过反复严格实验去伪存真。Measurement procedures do not influence what is measured.测试过程并不会改变被测试的东西。Data provide objective, independent benchmarks for testing theories,数据为理论测试提供了客观、独立的基准。Relativistic/Constructionist Science相对论科学/法律解释论科学Science creates many realities.科学创造了很多真实的事务。The processes by which theories are created, justified, and diffused throughout a research community are needed to understand science.要理解科学就需要在科研所里提出和辩证理论，并随后进行理论推广。Science is a social process and cannot be understood without considering cultural, social, political, and economic factors.科学是社会进程，如果不考虑文化、社会、政治以及经历因素的话，就无法真正理解科学的含义。Science is subjective.科学是主观的。Scientific knowledge is relative to a particular context and period of time in history.科学知识因某个特定的环境或某段历史时间而随之改变。Science creates ideas that are context-dependent, i.e., relative to a frame of reference.科学在特定的环境下产生特定的观点，如因参照物改变而转移。Truth is a subjective evaluation that cannot be properly inferred outside of the context provided by the theory.真理也是主观评断，没有理论提供的背景环境，就无法适当地作出推断。Science is rational to the degree that it seeks to improve individual and societal well being by following whatever means are useful for doing so.科学又是理性的，它总是寻求社会与个人的进步，并朝着这个目标前进。There are many ways of doing science validly that are appropriate in different situations.在不同场合有很多种方式正当地搞科学。Scientists seek supportive, confirmatory evidence in order to market their theories.科学家们努力地寻找支持理论的确定依据，以便进一步推广理论。Nothing can be measured without changing it.如果不做任何改变的话是无法进行测试的。Data are created and interpreted by scientists in terms of a variety of theories, and thus are theory laden.科学家运用各种理论制造并解释数据，这样就得到了负载理论。希望对你有帮助。^-^
芳菲七月
