8. After such a long thirsty journey, the travelers drank deep of the fresh spring.
经过使人口渴的长途旅行后, 旅客们痛饮清凉的泉水.
9. It was around seven when I finished at the library. I wasn't hungry, but I'd worked up a thirst.
我从图书馆出来时大约是7点。我不饿,但是觉得口渴。
10. I always keep a drink of water by my bedside in case I am thirsty in the middle of the night.
我总在床边放些水,以备半夜口渴时喝.
11. She was stiff, a little dizzy, and very thirsty.
她感到全身都僵硬了, 头晕乎乎的, 口渴得厉害.
12. If you are dry, you will find water behind the door.
你要是口渴, 在门背后你能找到水.
13. She was extremely unhappy, and soon became very thirsty.
她极不舒服, 不一会儿就觉得口渴难熬.
14. Iced tea will quench your thrist on hot days.
冰镇茶在热天将解除你的口渴.
15. The long walk gave him a thirst.
长途跋涉使他口渴.
The body's internal clock helps to regulate a water-storing hormone so that nightly dehydration or trips to the toilet are not the norm, research suggests.
In an article published in Nature Neuroscience today, neurophysiologists Eric Trudel and Charles Bourque at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Canada, propose a mechanism by which the body's circadian system, or internal clock, controls water regulation1. By allowing cells that sense water levels to activate cells that release vasopressin, a hormone that instructs the body to store water, the circadian system keeps the body hydrated during sleep.
"We've known for years that there's a rhythm of vasopressin that gets high when you're sleeping. But no one knew how that occurred. And this group identified a very concrete physiological mechanism of how it occurs," says Christopher Colwell, a neuroscientist who studies sleep and circadian rhythms at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles.
The body regulates its water content mainly by balancing water intake through thirst with water loss through urine production. People don't drink during sleep, so the body has to minimize water loss to remain sufficiently hydrated. Scientists knew that low water levels excite a group of cells called osmosensory neurons, which direct another set of neurons to release vasopressin into the bloodstream. Vasopressin levels increase during sleep; clock neurons, meanwhile, get quieter.
Trudel and Bourque tested the idea that lower clock-neuron activity might allow osmosensory neurons to more easily activate vasopressin-releasing neurons, which would mean more water retention and less urine production during sleep.
To do this, they isolated thin slices of rat brain containing intact sensory, vasopressin-releasing and clock neurons. Even when removed from the brain, clock neurons continue to mark time.
The duo then stimulated the sensory neurons and recorded any electrical activity in the vasopressin-releasing neurons to monitor communication between the two cell groups. The researchers then moved on to look at the effect of the clock cells on this pathway. When they did not activate the clock cells during the 'sleep' part of their cycle, it was easier for the sensory cells to communicate with vasopressin-releasing cells. Conversely, when they activated the clock cells, this communication decreased markedly.
The results suggest that clock cells function as a dimmer switch for water control. When their activity is high, they prevent sensory cells from instructing secretory cells to release vasopressin. Then, when clock cells are less active, sensory cells can easily instruct secretory cells to release vasopressin, ensuring that the body holds on to its water reserves.
Colwell points out that the study was done in rats, which are nocturnal. Although the vasopressin cycle and clock-neuron activity are similar in rats and humans, the question of whether the same mechanism occurs in animals that sleep at night remains to be answered.
"We show this for this one circuit, but it's possible that clock neurons regulate other circuits in a similar manner and this remains to be studied," says Bourque. He speculates that future studies might reveal whether the same mechanism regulates hunger, sleepiness and other aspects of physiology related to circadian rhythms.
2月28日发表在《自然神经科学》杂志(Nature Neuroscience)上的一篇论文中,加拿大蒙特利尔麦吉尔大学健康中心研究所(Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre)的神经生理学家埃里克·特鲁德尔(Eric Trudel)和查尔斯·布尔克(Charles Bourque)提出了一种机制,通过这种机制身体的昼夜系统(circadiansystem),或者说内部生物钟能够控制水分的调节。通过允许感知水含量的细胞去激活能够释放抗利尿激素(vasopressin)的细胞,抗利尿激素是一种指示身体进行储水的荷尔蒙,昼夜系统就能使身体在睡觉时储存水分(而不觉口渴)。
“多年来我们已经知道,当你在睡觉时抗利尿激素的水平会升高。但是没有人知道这是如何发生的。而这个研究团队提出了一种关于其如何发生的非常具体的生理机制,”神经科学家克里斯托弗·科尔韦尔(Christopher Colwell)说,他在加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)大卫·格芬医学院(DavidGeffen School of Medicine)从事睡眠与昼夜节律的研究。