数学期望英语论文

数学期望Mathematical ExpectationIn probability theory the expected value (or mathematical expectation, or mean) of a discrete random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by the outcome value (or payoff). Thus, it represents the average amount one "expects" as the outcome of the random trial when identical odds are repeated many times. Note that the value itself may not be expected in the general sense - the "expected value" itself may be unlikely or even impossible.ExamplesThe expected value from the roll of an ordinary six-sided die is 3.5, which is not among the possible outcomes:A common application of expected value is to gambling. For example, an American roulette wheel has 38 places where the ball may land, all equally likely. A winning bet on a single number pays 35-to-1, meaning that the original stake is not lost, and 35 times that amount is won, so you receive 36 times what you've bet. Considering all 38 possible outcomes, the expected value of the profit resulting from a dollar bet on a single number is the sum of what you may lose times the odds of losing and what you will win times the odds of winning:The change in your financial holdings is −$1 when you lose, and $35 when you win. Thus one may expect, on average, to lose about five cents for every dollar bet, and the expected value of a one-dollar bet is $0.9474. In gambling, an event of which the expected value equals the stake (of which the bettor's expected profit is zero) is called a "fair game."[edit] Mathematical definitionIn general, if is a random variable defined on a probability space (where Ω is the sample space and F is the cumulative distribution function of probability, ()), then the expected value of (denoted or sometimes or ) is defined aswhere the Lebesgue integral is employed. Note that not all random variables have an expected value, since the integral may not exist (e.g., Cauchy distribution). Two variables with the same probability distribution will have the same expected value, if it is defined.as in the gambling example mentioned above.If the probability distribution of X admits a probability density function f(x), then the expected value can be computed asIt follows directly from the discrete case definition that if X is a constant random variable, i.e. X = b for some fixed real number b, then the expected value of X is also b.The expected value of an arbitrary function of X, g(X), with respect to the probability density function f(x) is given by:[edit] Conventional terminologyWhen one speaks of the "expected price", "expected height", etc. one means the expected value of a random variable that is a price, a height, etc. When one speaks of the "expected number of attempts needed to get one successful attempt," one might conservatively approximate it as the reciprocal of the probability of success for such an attempt. Cf. expected value of the geometric distribution. [edit] Properties[edit] ConstantsThe expected value of a constant is equal to the constant itself; i.e., if 'c' is a constant, then E(c) = c[edit] MonotonicityIf X and Y are random variables so that almost surely, then .[edit] LinearityThe expected value operator (or expectation operator) is linear in the sense thatCombining the results from previous three equations, we can see that -for any two random variables X and Y (which need to be defined on the same probability space) and any real numbers a and b.[edit] Iterated expectation[edit] Iterated expectation for discrete random variablesFor any two discrete random variables X,Y one may define the conditional expectation:which means that is a function on y.Then the expectation of X satisfiesHence, the following equation holds:The right hand side of this equation is referred to as the iterated expectation and is also sometimes called the tower rule. This proposition is treated in law of total expectation.[edit] Iterated expectation for continuous random variablesIn the continuous case, the results are completely analogous. The definition of conditional expectation would use inequalities, density functions, and integrals to replace equalities, mass functions, and summations, respectively. However, the main result still holds:[edit] InequalityIf a random variable X is always less than or equal to another random variable Y, the expectation of X is less than or equal to that of Y:If , then .In particular, since and , the absolute value of expectation of a random variable is less than or equal to the expectation of its absolute value:[edit] RepresentationThe following formula holds for any nonnegative real-valued random variable X (such that ), and positive real number α:In particular, this reduces to:[edit] Non-multiplicativityIn general, the expected value operator is not multiplicative, i.e. is not necessarily equal to . If multiplicativity occurs, the X and Y variables are said to be uncorrelated (independent variables are a notable case of uncorrelated variables). The lack of multiplicativity gives rise to study of covariance and correlation.[edit] Functional non-invarianceIn general, the expectation operator and functions of random variables do not commute; that isA notable inequality concerning this topic is Jensen's inequality, involving expected values of convex (or concave) functions.[edit] Uses and applications of the expected valueThe expected values of the powers of X are called the moments of X; the moments about the mean of X are expected values of powers of . The moments of some random variables can be used to specify their distributions, via their moment generating functions.To empirically estimate the expected value of a random variable, one repeatedly measures observations of the variable and computes the arithmetic mean of the results. If the expected value exists, this procedure estimates the true expected value in an unbiased manner and has the property of minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals (the sum of the squared differences between the observations and the estimate). The law of large numbers demonstrates (under fairly mild conditions) that, as the size of the sample gets larger, the variance of this estimate gets smaller.In classical mechanics, the center of mass is an analogous concept to expectation. For example, suppose X is a discrete random variable with values xi and corresponding probabilities pi. Now consider a weightless rod on which are placed weights, at locations xi along the rod and having masses pi (whose sum is one). The point at which the rod balances is .Expected values can also be used to compute the variance, by means of the computational formula for the varianceA very important application of the expectation value is in the field of quantum mechanics. The expectation value of a quantum mechanical operator operating on a quantum state vector is written as . The uncertainty in can be calculated using the formula .[edit] Expectation of matricesIf X is an matrix, then the expected value of the matrix is defined as the matrix of expected values:This is utilized in covariance matrices.[edit] ComputationIt is often useful to update a computed expected value as new data comes in. This can be done as follows, where new_value is the count-th value, and we use the previous estimate to compute :[edit] Formula for non-negative integral valuesWhen a random variable takes only values in {0,1,2,3,...} we can use the following formula for computing its expectation:For example, suppose we toss a coin where the probability of heads is p. How many tosses can we expect until the first heads? Let X be this number. Note that we are counting only the tails and not the heads which ends the experiment; in particular, we can have X = 0. The expectation of X may be computed by . This is because the number of tosses is at least i exactly when the first i tosses yielded tails. This matches the expectation of a random variable with an Exponential distribution. We used the formula for Geometric progression: .

数学期望是随机变量最重要的特征数之一，它是消除随机性的主要手段.本文通过对数学期望的概念、性质以及应用性的举例，下面是我为你整理的数学期望应用毕业论文，一起来看看吧。

摘要：数学期望是随机变量的重要数字特征之一，也是随机变量最基本的特征之一。通过几个例子，阐述了概率论与数理统计中的教学期望在生活中的应用，文章列举了一些现实生活实例，阐述了数学期望在经济和实际问题中颇有价值的应用。

关键词：随机变量，数学期望，概率，统计

数学期望(mathematical expectation)简称期望，又称均值，是概率论中一项重要的数字特征，在经济管理工作中有着重要的应用。本文通过探讨数学期望在经济和实际问题中的一些简单应用，以期起到让学生了解知识与人类实践紧密联系的丰富底蕴，切身体会到“数学的确有用”。

1.决策方案问题

决策方案即将数学期望最大的方案作为最佳方案加以决策。它帮助人们在复杂的情况下从可能采取的方案中做出选择和决定。具体做法为：如果知道任一方案Ai(i=1，2，…m)在每个影响因素Sj(j=1，2，…，n)发生的情况下，实施某种方案所产生的盈利值及各影响因素发生的概率，则可以比较各个方案的期望盈利，从而选择其中期望盈利最高的为最佳方案。

1.1投资方案

假设某人用10万元进行为期一年的投资，有两种投资方案：一是购买股票;二是存入银行获取利息。买股票的收益取决于经济形势，若经济形势好可获利4万元，形势中等可获利1万元，形势不好要损失2万元。如果存入银行，假设利率为8%，可得利息8000元，又设经济形势好、中、差的概率分别为30%、50%、20%。试问应选择哪一种方案可使投资的效益较大?

[摘 要] 离散型随机变量数学期望是概率论和数理统计的重要概念之一，是用概率论和数理统计来反映随机变量取值分布的特征数。通过探讨数学期望在经济和实际问题中的一些简单应用，以期让学生了解数学期望的理论知识与人类实践紧密联系，它们是不可分割、紧密联系的。

[关键词] 数学期望;离散型随机变量

一、离散型随机变量数学期望的内涵

在概率论和统计学中，离散型随机变量的一切可能的取值xi与对应的概率P(=xi)之积的和称为数学期望(设级数绝对收敛)，记为E(x)。数学期望又称期望或均值，其含义实际上是随机变量的平均值，是随机变量最基本的数学特征之一。但期望的严格定义是∑xi*pi绝对收敛，注意是绝对，也就是说这和平常理解的平均值是有区别的。一个随机变量可以有平均值或中位数，但其期望不一定存在。

二、离散型随机变量数学期望的作用

期望表示随机变量在随机试验中取值的平均值，它是概率意义下的平均值，不同于相应数值的算术平均数。是简单算术平均的一种推广，类似加权平均。在解决实际问题时，作为一个重要的参数，对市场预测，经济统计，风险与决策，体育比赛等领域有着重要的指导作用，为今后学习高等数学、数学分析及相关学科产生深远的影响，打下良好的基础。作为数学基础理论中统计学上的数字特征，广泛应用于工程技术、经济社会领域。其意义是解决实践中抽象出来的数学模型进行分析的方法，从而达到认识客观世界规律的目的，为进一步的决策分析提供准确的理论依据。

三、离散型随机变量的数学期望的求法

离散型随机变量数学期望的求法常常分四个步骤：

1.确定离散型随机变量可能取值;

2.计算离散型随机变量每一个可能值相应的概率;

3.写出分布列，并检查分布列的正确与否;

4.求出期望。

四、数学期望应用

(一)数学期望在经济方面的应用

例1： 假设小刘用20万元进行投资，有两种投资方案，方案一：是用于购买房子进行投资;方案二：存入银行获取利息。买房子的收益取决于经济形势，若经济形势好可获利4万元，形势中等可获利1万元，形势不好要损失2万元。如果存入银行，假设利率为5.1%，可得利息11000元，又设经济形势好、中、差的概率分别为40%、40%、20%。试问应选择哪一种方案可使投资的效益较大?

第一种投资方案：

购买房子的获利期望是：E(X)=4×0.4+1×0.4+(--2)×0.2=1.6(万元)

第二种投资方案：

银行的获利期望是E(X)=1.1(万元)，

由于：E(X)>E(X)，

从上面两种投资方案可以得出：购买房子的期望收益比存入银行的期望收益大，应采用购买房子的方案。在这里，投资方案有两种，但经济形势是一个不确定因素，做出选择的依据是数学期望的高低。

(二)数学期望在公司需求方面的应用

例2：某小公司预计市场的需求将会增长。公司的员工目前都满负荷地工作。为满足市场需求提高产量，公司考虑两种方案 ：第一种方案：让员工超时工作;第二种方案：添置设备。

假设公司预测市场需求量增加的概率为P，当然可能市场需求会下降的概率是1―P，若将已知的相关数据列于下表：

市场需求减(1-p) 市场需求增加(p)

维持现状(X)

20万 24万

员工加班(X)

19万 32万

耀加设备(X)

15万 34万

由条件可知，在市场需求增加的情况下，使员工超时工作或添加设备都是合算的。然而现实是不知道哪种情况会出现，因此要比较几种方案获利的期望大小。用期望值判断：

E(X)=20(1-p)+24p，E(X)=19(1-p)+32p，E(X)=15(1-p)+34p

分两种情况来考察：

(1)当p=0.8，则E(X)=23.2(万)，E(X)=29.4(万)，E(X)=30.2(万)，于是公司可以决定更新设备，扩大生产;

(2)当p=O.5，则E(X)=22(万)，E(X)=25.5(万)，E(X)=24.5(万)，此时公司可决定采取员工超时工作的应急措施扩大生产。

由此可见，从上面两种情况可以得出：如果p=0.8时，公司可以决定更新设备，扩大生产。如果p=O.5时，公司可决定采取员工超时工作的应急措施。因此，只要市场需求增长可能性在50%以上，公司就应采取一定的措施，以期利润的增长。

(三)数学期望在体育比赛的应用

乒乓球是我们得国球，全国人民特别爱好，我们在这项运动中具有绝对的优势。现就乒乓球比赛的赛制安排提出两种方案：

第一种方案是双方各出3人，三局两胜制，第二种方案是双方各出5人，五局三胜制。对于这两种方案， 哪一种方案对中国队更有利?不妨我们来看一个实例：

假设中国队每一位队员对美国队的每一位队员的胜率都为55%。根据前面的分析，下面我们只需比较两队的数学期望值的大小即可。

在五局三胜制中，中国队若要取得胜利，获胜的场数有3、4、5三种结果。我们应用二项式定律、概率方面的知识，计算出三种结果所对应的概率，恰好获得三场对应的概率：0.33465;恰好获得四场对应的概率：0.2512;五场全胜得概率：0.07576.

设随机变量X为该赛制下中国队在比赛中获胜的场数，则可建立X的分布律： X 3 4 5

P 0.33465 0.2512 0.07576

计算随机变量X的数学期望：

E(X)=3×0.33465+4×0.2512+5×0.07576=2.04651

在三局两胜制中，中国队取得胜利，获胜的场数有2、3两种结果。对应的概率为=0.412;三场全胜的概率为=0.206。

设随机变量Y为该赛制下中国队在比赛中获胜的场数，则可建立Y的分布律：

X 2 3

Y 0.412 0.206

计算随机变量Y的数学期望：

E(Y)=2×0.412+3×0.206=1.2

比较两个期望值的大小，即有E(X)>E(Y)，因此我们可以得出结论，五局三胜制中国队更有利。

因此，我们在这样的比赛中，五局三胜制对中国队更有利。在体育比赛中，要看具体的细节，具体情形，把握好比赛赛制，用我们所学习的知识来实现期望值的最大化，做到知己知彼，百战百胜。

(四)数学期望对企业利润的评估

在市场经济活动中，厂家的生产或是商家的销售.总是追求最大的利润。在生产过程中供大于求或供不应求都不利于获得最大利润来扩大再生产。但在市场经济中，总是瞬息万变，往往供应量和需求量无法确定。而厂家或商家在一般情况下根据过去的数据，再结合现在的具体情况，具体对象，常常用数学期望的方法结合微积分的有关知识，制定最佳的生产活动或销售策略。

假定某公司计划开发一种新产品市场，并试图确定其产量。估计出售一件产品，公司可获利A元，而积压一件产品，可导致损失B元。另外，该公司预测产品的销售量x为一个随机变量，其分布为P(x)，那么，产品的产量该如何制定，才能获得最大利润。

假设该公司每年生产该产品x件，尽管x是确定的.但由于需求量(销售量)是一个随机变量，所以收益Y是一个随机变量，它是x的函数：

当xy时，y=Ax;

当xy时，y=Ay--B(x-y)。

于是期望收益为问题转化为：

当x为何值时，期望收益可以达到最大值。运用微积分的知识，不难求得。

这个问题的解决，就是求目标函数期望的最大最小值。

(五)数学期望在保险中问题

一个家庭在一年中五万元或五万元以上的贵重物品被盗的概率是0.005，保险公司开办一年期五万元或五万元以上家庭财产保险，参加者需缴保险费200元，若在一年之内， 五万元或五万元以上财产被盗，保险公司赔偿a元(a>200)，试问a如何确定，才能使保险公司期望获利?

设X表示保险公司对任一参保家庭的收益，则X的取值为 200或 200�a，其分布列为：

X 200 200-a

p 0.995 0.005

E(x)=200×0.9958+(200-a)×0.005=200-0.005a>0，解得a<40000，又a>100，所以a∈(200，40000)时，保险公司才能期望获得利润。

从上面的日常生活中，我们不难发现：利用所学的离散型随机变量数学期望方面的知识解决了生活中的一些具有的，实实在在的问题有大大的帮助。

因此我们在实际生活中，利用所学的离散型随机变量数学期望方面的知识，面对当今信息时代的要求，我们应当思维活跃，敢于创新，既要学习数学理认方面知识，更应该重视对所学知识的实践应用，做到理认联系实际，学以致用。当然只是实际生活中遇到的数学期望应用中的一部分而已，还有更多的应用等待我们去思考，去发现，去探索，为我们伟大的时代创造出更多的有价值的东西和财富。