同情准则英语

美国语言哲学家GRICE 1967年提出了“合作原则”（cooperative principle）。 The American language philosopher GRICE in 1967 and raised "cooperation principle" (cooperative principle). 其中包括了数量准则，质量准则，关联准则和方式准则。 Including the quantity standard, quality standards, correlation rule and the way criteria. 然而，在人们的交际过程中，人们总是不能遵守甚至是违反这些原则。 However, in people's communication process, people always can't abide by even the violation of these principles. 后来，英国语言学家LEECH 提出了更完善的礼貌原则和准则。 Later, the linguists LEECH puts forward more perfect politeness principles and criteria. 包括以下六个准则： Including the following six criteria: 1、 得体准则（TACT MAXIM）：减少表达有损于他人的观点 （1）尽量不让他人吃亏 （2）尽量多使别人得益 1, decent standards (TACT MAXIM) : the reduction in damage to express the views of others (1) try not to let others suffer (2) as far as possible much benefit to others 2、 慷慨准则（GENEROSITY MAXIM）:减少表达自己的观点 和上面相反 2, generous standards (GENEROSITY MAXIM) : reduce express his views and it instead 3、 赞美准则（APPROBATION MAXIM）减少表达对他人的贬损 （1）尽量少贬低别人 (2)尽量多赞美别人 3, praise standards (APPROBATION MAXIM) reduce expression to others (1) derogatory debased others less as far as possible (2) as far as possible much praise others 4、 谦逊准则（MODESTY MAXIM） 减少对自己的表杨 和上面相反 4, humble standards to reduce certain constraints (MODESTY MAXIM) to your own table Yang and it instead 5、 一直准则（AREEMENT MAXIM）减少自己与别人在观点上的一致 （1）尽量减少双方的分歧 （2）尽量增加双方的一致 5, have been standards (AREEMENT MAXIM) reduce our and other people in the viewpoint of the same (1) try to reduce their differences (2) try to increase both sides of the agreement 6、 同情准则（SYMPATHY MAXIM）减少自己与他人在感情上的对立 (1)尽量减少双方的反感 （2）尽量增加双方的同情 6, SYMPATHY standards (SYMPATHY MAXIM) reduce his feelings with others in the opposition of the (1) try to reduce both parties dislike (2) try to increase the SYMPATHY of both sides 总之，从利奇的礼貌原则中我们可以得出这样的结论：说话人说话时尽量多给别人多一点的方便和尊重，尽量让自己多吃一点亏，这样才能获得对方对自己的好感，才能促使双方在交流中都可以彼此尊重 All in all, from the's politeness principle, we can draw the conclusion: to speak to give other people a little more of the convenient and respect, as far as possible let oneself have some more losses, such ability from each other for their affection, can urge both parties in communication can respect each other 在中国，从20世纪90年代以来就非常重视礼貌语言的研究，顾曰国教授根据中国历史文化背景和中国人日常交际的特点。 In China, since the 1990 s have paid more attention of polite language study, gu yue countries according to Chinese history professor cultural background and the characteristics of Chinese daily communication. 提出了汉语礼貌五准则：贬己尊人准则； Put forward the Chinese polite five criteria: would have honour people criteria; 称呼准则； Call criteria; 文雅准则； Elegant criteria; 求同准则； Seek the common rule. ma。 Ma. 这五条准则主要突出了在汉语言文化交流中的尊重（rRESPECTFULNESS）; This article five main highlighted in Chinese rule of respect for cultural exchange (rRESPECTFULNESS); 谦逊（MODESTY）、态度热情（ATTITUDINAL WARMTH）和文雅（REFINEMENT）。 Humility certain constraints (MODESTY), attitude enthusiasm (ATTITUDINAL WARMTH) and elegant (REFINEMENT). 总之，汉文化中 贬己尊人准则和称呼准则是最为重要的。 All in all, the Chinese culture and people have almost standards and call standards is the most important. 这两个准则反应了中国人对人的尊重和谦逊，也反应了中国人的传统美德。 The two standards of the Chinese people's reaction to respect and humility, and the traditional virtues of the Chinese reaction. 总之，这两个准则最能体现中国人礼貌的典型特征和习惯。 In short, the two standards can manifest the typical features of Chinese polite and habits.

一、中、西方礼貌原则之比较 ——A compare of the manners principles between Chinese &Western culture礼貌原则由于中、西方文化的不同，其标准也各有差异。如Leech根据英美等西方国家人们的言语习惯、会话的文化特点等提出了礼貌原则的六个准则即： Due to the difference between Chinese &Western culture, the standards for their manners principles are different from each other, for instance, Leech brings forward six rules of manners principles according to the culture feature of the people’s codes of language and their conversation in Hesperian countries such as Briton, America and otherwise, i.e.: 1、得体准则：最小限度地使别人受损：最大限度地使别人得益。 decency principle, that is to make others harmed least and himself harmed farthest; 2、慷慨准则：最小限度地使自己得益；最大限度地使自己受损。 bounty principle, that is let himself benefited least but harmed farthest; 3、赞誉准则：最小限度地贬低别人；最大限度地赞誉别人。 recognition principle, that is to preach others down least but up farthest; 4、谦逊准则：最大限度地赞誉别人：最大限度地贬低自己。 modesty principle, that is to preach others up farthest while preach himself down; 5、一致准则：使对话双方的分歧减至最小限度；使对话双方的一致增至最大限度。 identification principle, that is to let the differences in opinion of both sides down to the minimum and up to the maximum; 6、同情准则：使对话双方的反感减至最小限度；使对话双方的同情增至最大限度。 sympathy principle, that is let the antipathy from both sides during the interlocution down to the minimum and the sympathy up to the maximum. 顾日国结合其导师Leech的理论，根据汉语的文化源与流提出了汉语文化中礼貌规范的四大特点：尊重、谦逊、态度热情、文雅。并在此基础上提出了与汉语文化有关的五大礼貌准则： Combining Leech's theory, Mr. Gu Riguo advances four features of the manners norms in Chinese language culture based on Chinese civilization source: honour, modesty, passion of attitude and refinement. And on the basis of it, he brings forward five main manners rules: 1、贬己尊人准则：指称自己或与自己相关的人或事物时要“贬”，要“谦”；称听者或与听者有关联的事物时要“抬”，要“尊”。 a rule of regarding others while preaching self down, that is to preach self down and to keep modest when referring to himself or the things related to himself; to preach others up and to regard them when referring to them or the things related to them. 2、称呼准则：指人们出于礼貌，在称呼上按“上下”“贵贱”“长幼”有别的传统来体现人际交往中的社会关系。 a rule of address: that indicates that, due to be polite, people embody the human relations in society in interpersonal interaction when addressing each other according to the different tradition, “high and low”, “gentle and simple” , “old an young” . 3、文雅准则：出言高雅，文质彬彬往往被认为是 “懂礼貌”，“有教养”。 A rule of refinement: it is usually deemed to “urbanity” and “literacy” to be elegant when speaking and behave gentle. 4、求同准则：就是注意与人的身份和社会地位保持相称，说话双方要力求和谐一致。 A rule of identification: that is to regard to match personal status with the social status and the both sides in a dialogue ought to do their best to keep harmonious. 5、德、言、行准则：指在行为动机上尽量减少他人付出的代价。 A rule of moral, speech and conduct: it denotes one should relieve others from paying the fiddler. 看到的较晚，先翻译一半，如果可用，明天接着翻译另一半。

1、 英语礼貌原则 美国语言学家Grice提出了言语交际中的合作原则。他认为,在所有的语言交际中,说话人与听话人都应遵循一定的原则,使交际的过程朝着默契和合作的方向发展。体现合作原则的具体内容有四个准则:(1) 数量准则(Quantity Maxim)：所提供的信息量要符合谈话的要求,不多不少;(2) 质量准则(Quality Maxim)：所说的话要有根据,要真实;(3) 关联准则(Relevant Maxim)：所说的话要与前面的内容相关;(4) 方式准则(Manner Maxim)：说话要简洁、清楚,有条不紊,不含糊其词。然而人们在交际过程中有时并不遵守这些交际原则，甚至故意违反这些原则。也就是说,合作原则不能完全涵盖会话的各种形式。针对这一现象，英国语言学家利奇Leech认为人们违反言语交际合作原则的最根本理由是他们要遵循另一原则———礼貌原则（Politeness Principle），并从语用学（Pragmatics）和人际修辞学（Interpersonal Rhetoric）角度对交际活动中的礼貌原则进行了归纳和分类。Leech指出,合作原则是指导我们应该说什么,使之达到预期目标;而礼貌原则可以帮助维持双方配合的友好关系。这样一来,合作原则和礼貌原则相辅相成,共同制约人们的会话活动。为人们礼貌用语的正确使用提供了一个可借鉴与遵循的标准。它包括六个准则：（1）得体准则（Tact Maxim）：尽量使他人受损最小, 尽量使他人受惠最大。（2）慷慨准则（Generosity Maxim）：尽量使自身受惠最小，尽量多让自己吃亏。（3）赞誉准则（Approbation Maxim）：尽量少贬低别人；尽量多赞誉别人。（4）谦逊准则（Modesty Maxim）：尽量少赞誉自己；尽量多贬低自己。（5）一致准则（Agreement Maxim）：尽量减少双方的分歧；尽量增加双方的一致。（6）同情准则（Sympathy Maxim）：尽量减少双方的反感；尽量增加双方的同情。可以看出，以上各项的两条次准则含义相当，只是说话的着重点不同。此外，“得体”与“慷慨”准则、“赞誉”与“谦逊”准则，则分别是同一问题的两个方面。“得体”是指应如何对待别人，适用于“请求”等使役性言语行为；“慷慨”则是指应如何对待自己，适用于“答应帮助”等承诺性言语行为。类似地，“赞誉”是指如何对待别人，“谦逊”则是指如何对待自己。第五项“一致”准则指出不宜直接表达与对方相异的看法；最后一项“同情”准则强调要注意表达与对方共同的心情，喜别人之喜、忧别人之忧。 2、汉语礼貌原则 近年来，我国有关礼貌原则的研究也取得了长足的进展。胡文仲教授和何自然教授都先后对跨文化交际中的礼貌原则进行了重要阐述。北京大学的顾曰国先生（1992）根据中国的历史文化背景和中国人日常交际的特点，提出了汉语言文化交流中四个方面的礼貌特征，即尊重（respectfulness）、谦逊（modesty）、态度热情（attitudinal warmth）和文雅（refinement）。同时，借鉴Leech的礼貌六原则，总结了适合中国国情的礼貌原则，共包括五个方面。（1）贬己尊人准则：指谓自己或与自己相关的事物时要“贬”和“谦”，指谓听者或与听者相关的事物时要“抬”和“尊”。（2）称呼准则：指人们出自礼貌，在相互称呼时应按上下、贵贱、长幼有别的传统来体现人际交往中的社会关系。（3）文雅准则：出言高雅、文质彬彬往往被视为是懂礼貌、有教养。其基本内容是“选用雅言，禁用秽语，多用委婉，少用直言”。（4）求同准则：这与“脸”或“面子”有关。所谓“求同”，就是注意对方的身份和社会地位，尊重对方的“面子”，力求使谈话和谐。（5）德、言、行准则：指在行为动机上尽量减少他人付出的代价，尽量增大他人的益处；在言辞上尽量夸大别人给自己的好处，尽量少说自己付出的代价。

1.谦虚准则 Thanks for your compliment,but I know I still got a long way to go. 谢谢你的夸奖,不过我清楚我还有很长的路（还要继续努力）. 2.赞扬准则 Your hair looks nice --> Noun Phrase + is/looks/ (really) Adjective I like your car --> I (really) like/love + Noun Phrase That's a nice tie --> (PRO (really) (a) Adjective + Noun Phrase 你的发型真好看.我喜欢你的车.你的领带真漂亮. 3.同意准则 That's quite true.你说的没错. 4.同情准则 Our prayer goes to the family of the victim. 让我们为受害者的家属祈祷. 5.慷慨准则 Let's have dinner together.It's on me. 我们一起吃晚饭,我请客.