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Antarctica is the most southerly continent and encompasses the South Pole. Antarctica is surrounded by the Southern Ocean and divided in two by the Transantarctic Mountains. On average, it is the coldest, driest, windiest, and highest of all the continents.[1] With 98% of it covered in ice, Antarctica, at 14 million km², is the third-smallest continent (after Europe and Australia), but is the continent with the third highest point. Because there is little precipitation except at the coasts, the interior of the continent is technically a desert, the largest in the world. There are no permanent human residents and only cold-adapted plants and animals survive there, including penguins, fur seals, mosses, lichens, and many types of algae. The name "Antarctica" comes from the Greek ανταρκτικός (antarktikos), meaning "opposite the Arctic." [2] Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") go back to antiquity, the first sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Mikhail Lazarev and Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. The continent was largely neglected in the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolated location. The Antarctic Treaty, which was signed in 1959 by 12 countries and prohibits any military activity, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4000 scientists of many different nationalities and with many different research interests. History of Antarctica Belief in the existence of a Terra Australis — a vast continent located in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and north Africa — had existed since Ptolemy suggested the idea in order to preserve symmetry of landmass in the world. Depictions of a large southern landmass were common in maps such as the early 16th century Turkish Piri Reis map. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of "Antarctica," geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size. However, as Antarctica has no indigenous population, it was mostly unexplored until the 19th century. European maps continued to show this land until Captain James Cook's ships, Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on January 17, 1773 and again in 1774.[3] The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by two individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation,[4] NASA,[5] the University of California, San Diego,[6] and other sources[7] [8] ), ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica in 1820: Fabian von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the British Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (an American sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). Von Bellingshausen supposedly saw Antarctica on January 27, 1820, three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. On that day the expedition led by Fabian von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev on two ships reached a point within 32 km (20 miles) of the Antarctic mainland and saw ice fields there. In 1841, explorer James Clark Ross sailed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the Ross Ice Shelf. Mount Erebus and Mount Terror are named after two ships from his expedition: HMS Erebus and HMS Terror.[9] Error creating thumbnail: convert: unable to open image `/home/www/en.wikilib.org/images/a/a1/Shackleton_expedition.jpg': û���Ǹ��ļ���Ŀ¼. The Endurance at night during Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition in 1914.During an expedition led by Ernest Shackleton, parties led by T. W. Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole.[10] On December 14, 1911, a party led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the South Pole, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. This area previously colonized by the famous "Claus Expedition"[11] Richard Evelyn Byrd led several voyages to the Antarctic by plane in the 1930s and 1940s. He is credited with implementing mechanized land transport and conducting extensive geological and biological research.[12] However, it was not until October 31, 1956 that anyone set foot on the South Pole again; on that day a U.S. Navy group led by Rear Admiral George Dufek successfully landed an aircraft there.[13] Geography of AntarcticaThe continent of Antarctica is located mostly south of the Antarctic Circle. Physically Antarctica is divided in two by mountains close to the neck between the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. The portion of the continent west of the Weddell Sea and east of the Ross Sea is called Western Antarctica and the remainder Eastern Antarctica, since they correspond roughly to the eastern and western hemispheres relative to the Greenwich meridian. This usage has been regarded as Eurocentric by some, and the alternative terms Lesser Antarctica and Greater Antarctica (respectively) are sometimes preferred. Western Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. There has been some concern about this ice sheet, because there is a small chance that it will collapse. If it does, ocean levels would rise by a few metres in a very short period of time. In some areas, the ice sheet rests on bedrock below sea level [2]. 这里有个网址，你看看是关于南极洲的所有英语资料，希望能帮到你~~

Antarctica Profile Antarctica, located around the South Pole spot for the snow-covered continent, spread around the island. Antarctica area, including Antarctica and the island with a total area of about 14 million square kilometres, representing 10% of the world land area, with the United States and Mexico and the considerable size is 1.45 times of China's land area is twice the land area of Australia for the five continents of the world. More turmoil surrounding Antarctica around the Southern Ocean and the ice Yi to the Atlantic, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean extension, an area of about 38 million square kilometres, in order to facilitate research, known as the five oceans of the world. Antarctica from South America recently, only 970 km across the middle Derek Strait. Australian distance of about 3500 km; Distance of about 4000 km in Africa; And the distance of about 12,000 km Beijing, China. Antarctica is separated from the mainland Gangwana dissolution by, the continent is the highest in the world, the average altitude of 2,350 metres. Trans-Antarctic Mountains will be divided into East and West Antarctica 2. These two parts are considerable differences in geography and geology. East Antarctica Is a very old continent, according to projections scientists have several hundred million years of history. It is located close to the center point from any point near the coast to be very far distance. East Antarctica an average altitude of 2,500 metres, the largest high 4,800 metres. In East Antarctica is the largest active volcanoes of Antarctica, which is located in the Romanian Island Ailiposi volcano, altitude 3795 metres, there are four flame-throwing mouth. West Antarctica Only half the size of the area of East Antarctica is a islands, some islands in the sea level. But all the islands are covered by the ice sheet. More ancient part (a package including Mali. Bird in the South, to Aiersiwosai, Ross ice shelf and flown to Queen's) a granite and sedimentary rock formed by the cordillera. The cordillera extending southward to the Antarctic Peninsula north prominent Central. In the northern West Antarctica, the higher part of the Tertiary period of geological time period caused by the volcanic movement. Antarctica's highest office -- Vinson Mountain (5140 m) in West Antarctica. Glaciers in the Antarctic plateau than Demoer larger glaciers in Antarctica. Covers with French considerable Ross ice shelf, the most southern Ross Sea for the line. At the other side of the wai Deerhai, is another deeply inland, and the Filchner ice shelves in the deep end of the Gulf. Filchner ice shelf extending southward, and at a higher altitude polar plateau front of the Ross ice shelf convergence. Antarctica are many freshwater ponds and lakes, the most famous Tang Juan pool is the high water salinity, water salinity per litre up to 270 grams, even in -70 degrees, the lake water nor ice. There is also a surface ice of Antarctica, the high salt lake bottom heat, such as the more famous Wanda Lake and Bonnie Lake. This lake, the surface bear a 2?3 metres thick ice, ice, water algae, plankton little, the water salinity with the increase in depth. Bottom water salinity can often be 10 times higher than seawater. Water temperature rise gradually increasing depth in the annual average temperature of -20 degrees to the environment, nutrition temperature can be as high as 25 degrees. Antarctica's climate is usually more of the same latitude as cold Arctic region is the world's most cold areas. In the seaside, does not like the higher inland areas so cold. In the International Geophysical Year, scientists detected in the coastal areas most Lengyue average temperature is -18 degrees centigrade, while in the South Pole spot with an average temperature of -62 degrees. July 31, 1983, the Soviet scholars in the East Point recorded -89.2 degrees cryogenic, is the world recorded the lowest recorded in the natural temperature. Antarctica wind, vary. Generally, the strongest winds near the coast, the average wind speed for 17-18 米/秒. East Antarctica to the graciousness than along the coast to Adaili in the strongest wind, wind speed can reach 40- 50 米/秒. According to Australian statistics Mosen station 20 years, the annual eight grade, blustery day to day there were 300, 1972, the maximum wind speed observed Mosen station for 82 米/秒. France Diweier station had observed 100 米/秒 hurricane wind speed, wind power equivalent to three times the 12 typhoon, which is so far the largest in the world record wind speed. Antarctica is the most arid continent on Earth, the average annual precipitation only 30- 50 mm, the more to the mainland, the less precipitation, the South Pole spot near only three millimetres. Precipitation is more local coastal areas, the average annual precipitation is 200-500 mm, and South Islands, located in the Blue area precipitation more. Antarctica precipitation almost all snow. Antarctica has rich reserves of mineral resources, has now found a 220 types, including coal, iron, copper, lead, zinc, aluminium, gold, silver, graphite, diamonds and oil. It has important strategic value thorium, plutonium and uranium, and other rare minerals. According to the scientists estimated that in Ross Sea and Weddell Sea and other high Jinhai Lins of 150 million barrels of oil reserves and three trillion cubic metres of natural gas. Antarctica contains coal reserves of about 500 billion tons. To the south of Victoria in East Antarctica is extremely rich coal reserves, coal field area of 250,000 square kilometers Lane. In Antarctica rock or steep slopes, the plant is only found in plants such as a minimum, they face the Northern Dynasties of solar growth. Biological scientists in mainland China and around the periphery of the island, has found that about 400 different moss plants. Most warmth in Antarctica, located in the South outside the Blue Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula north, and found two pink flowering plants. Pond in the summer thaw, also found 200 species of freshwater algae. Also species grow on the snowfield. Antarctic animals mainly whales, seals and Penguin. Zhou Circuit from their land to the water supply of food. During the 1950s, whaling in Antarctic waters had reached around 70% of the volume of the world whaling. Catch the biggest blue whale, length 37.8 metres, currently known as the world's largest animals. Antarctic waters luxurious skins production of seals were killed, the existing six seals. Penguin living in the Antarctic region has four, namely Timor Penguin, el Penguin, Penguin and caps with gold, Penguin. Most sub-cloth cap with Penguin in the Antarctic Peninsula. Timor Penguin largest size, about 122 cm high, weighed 41 kilograms; Mohammed Penguin Antarctica is the most common birds, about 48 cm high and weighing about five kilograms. Antarctica also many other types of birds on the island, including the Show, albatrosses, sea gull, gull and tern call. There are a number of Antarctica not flying insects. South Pole spot in the 483 km found the little pink growth. One of the features of Antarctic Marine plankton rich as crustaceans, which have seen the potential 10 million tons to 50 million tons. Some scientists believe that if the annual catch l million tons to 150 million tons, this will not affect the ecological balance of the Southern Ocean. 98% of Antarctica is covered by snow. After years of surveying the scientists calculated the total volume of the Antarctic ice sheet 28 million cubic kilometres, the average thickness of 2,000 metres, the largest thickness of 4,800 metres. Most thick ice in East Antarctica Australian Casey Station in the east of 510. Antarctica was snow-covered with perennial make Antarctica, particularly in East Antarctica an arched-shaped plateau, with an average height of 2,350 meters, becoming the highest continent on Earth, including the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, more than the average height of the Asian continent to be 2.5 times higher. However Excluding this great ice sheet, Antarctica average only 410 metres high, than the average height of land on Earth as a whole much lower. Antarctica's ice and snow is the world's largest freshwater pool, 90% of the global snow storage here, representing 72% of the entire Earth's surface freshwater reserves. There are a large number of glaciers in Antarctica. The 兰伯特 glacier is the largest glacier world community, this glacier filling in a 400 km, 64 km wide, the greatest depth of 2,500 metres off the ground huge valley. It to the current annual average flow of 350 m Note features, a Fellow ice shelf. Luyuan ranging from the size of the Antarctic ice shelf is about 300. Ross ice shelf and West Antarctica which Weideer Gulf Filchner ice shelf is the world's most famous ice shelf. Ross ice shelf area of about 540,000 square kilometres, Phil Saudi ice shelf area of about 400,000 square kilometres. Antarctic ice barrier around with more than 10 blocks. Ross ice shelf in the maritime Ross ice barrier 900 kilometres. 50 meters higher than the average sea is the largest one in Antarctica ice barrier. According to experts measured. Ice barrier in constant movement, the front-end general Roth ice barrier 3 metres daily movement, the fastest of four metres. Antarctica's Queen Maud in Edaili to the controls and to the sea over more than 100 km and width of 50 km, high 20?30 metres. Because sea ice extends from the coast to the ocean and Antarctica area winter and summer vary considerably. Scientists measured in Greenwich meridian, Antarctica's summer 3600 km in diameter, and up to 5,400 km of winter. 这个网页本身是中文的，我是通过GOOGLE翻译的网页，还有，文章中有几个“米/秒”和一个“兰伯特”没有翻译。

South Pole南极 Antarctic Circle南极圈用google搜，很多的。