reticulum英文

核糖体，ribosome线粒体，chondriosome溶酶体，cytolysosome中心体，centrosome高尔基体，Golgi's apparatus;Golgi's body;golgiosome内质网，endocytoplasmic reticulum叶绿体，chlorophyll body大液泡，vacuole;vacuolus

endoplasmic reticulum内质网，绝对准确，我在英国学习中~~

rough endoplasmic reticu-lumSmooth endoplasmic reticulum

人家要英语祥解The endoplasmic reticulum (endoplasmic meaning "within the cytoplasm," reticulum meaning "little net" in Latin) or ER is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that is an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae that is responsible for several specialized functions: Protein translation, folding, and transport of proteins (e.g., transmembrane receptors and other integral membrane proteins) to be used in the cell membrane, or to be secreted (exocytosed) from the cell (e.g., digestive enzymes); sequestration of calcium; production and storage of glycogen, steroids, and other macromolecules.[1] The endoplasmic reticulum is part of the endomembrane system. The basic structure and composition of the ER membrane is similar to the plasma membrane.StructureThe endoplasmic reticulum consists of an extensive membrane network of tubes and cisternae (sac-like structures) held together by the cytoskeleton. The membrane encloses a space, the cisternal space (or internal lumen) from the cytosol. Parts of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane are continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, and the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the space between the two layers of the nuclear envelope (the intermembrane space).Parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are covered with ribosomes (which assemble amino acids into proteins based on instructions from the nucleus). Their rough appearance under electron microscope led to their being called rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), other parts are free of ribosomes and are called smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER). The ribosomes on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum insert the freshly produced proteins directly into the endoplasmic reticulum, which processes them and then passes them on to the Golgi apparatusRough endoplasmic reticulumThe rough endoplasmic reticulum contains protein-manufacturing ribosomes on its surface (hence its name) and transports proteins. It is connected to the nuclear envelope as well as linked to the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus by vesicles that shuttle between the two compartments.[2] The rough endoplasmic reticulum works in concert with the Golgi complex to target new proteins to their proper destinations.Smooth endoplasmic reticulumThe smooth endoplasmic reticulum has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates and calcium concentration, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins. It is connected to the nuclear envelope. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a variety of cell types (both animal and plant) and it serves different functions in each. It consists of tubules and vesicles that branch forming a network. In some cells there are dilated areas like the sacs of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows increased surface area for the action or storage of key enzymes and the products of these enzymes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is known for its storage of calcium ions in muscle cells.Sarcoplasmic reticulumThe sarcoplasmic reticulum is a special type of smooth ER found in striated muscle, which is specialized for calcium storage and release during muscle contractionFunctionsThe endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the facilitation of protein folding and the transport of synthesized proteins in sacs called cisternae.Correct folding of newly-made proteins is made possible by several Endoplasmic Reticulum proteins including: Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI), ERp29, Hsp70 family, calnexin, calreticulin, and the peptidylpropyl isomerase family. Only properly-folded proteins are transported from the rER to the Golgi complex.Transport of proteinsSecretory proteins are moved across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Proteins that are transported by the endoplasmic reticulum and from there throughout the cell are marked with an address tag called a signal sequence. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (i.e., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Proteins that are destined for places outside the endoplasmic reticulum are packed into transport vesicles and moved along the cytoskeleton toward their destination.The endoplasmic reticulum is also part of a protein sorting pathway. It is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum through a retention motif. This motif is composed of four amino acids at the end of the protein sequence. The most common retention sequence is KDEL (lys-asp-glu-leu). However, variation on KDEL does occur and other sequences can also give rise to endoplasmic reticulum retention. It is not known if such variation can lead to sub-endoplasmic reticulum localizations. There are three KDEL receptors in mammalian cells, and they have a very high degree of sequence identity. The functional differences between these receptors remain to be established.

各种细胞器的结构和功能①线粒体和叶绿体：二者均为细胞内的能量转换器，都有双层膜结构，基质中都含有dna。线粒体是有氧呼吸的主要场所，内膜形成嵴的意义在于增加内膜的表面积；叶绿体是光合作用的场所，色素存在于基粒的囊状结构薄膜上，基粒和基质中都有酶。②核糖体：细胞内蛋白质的合成场所（发生缩合反应；完成翻译过程）。其中，附着于内质网上的核糖体合成的蛋白质将分泌到细胞外。③内质网：增大细胞内的膜面积，有利于细胞内化学反应的进行；与分泌蛋白的运输、初步加工（如折叠、糖基化）等过程及还与脂质、糖类的合成有关。④高尔基体：与细胞壁的形成有关；与分泌蛋白的加工和转运有关。⑤中心体：存在于动物和低等植物细胞中，形成纺锤体，决定细胞分裂方向。⑥液泡：植物细胞质中单层膜泡状结构。成熟植物细胞中具有大液泡。液泡内含细胞液，可显示花、果实的颜色（含花青素等色素），与代谢产物的贮存、植物的水分代谢有关。

核糖体RNA 线粒体mitochondrion 溶酶体lysosomes中心体centrosome 高尔基体Golgi apparatus内质网endoplasmic reticulum 叶绿体chloroplast

内质网 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)smooth endoplasmic reticulum光面内质网rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum糙面内质网