热衷于炫耀英文

show off.

flaunt n. 炫耀, 飘扬vt. 炫耀, 飘扬vi. 炫耀, 飘扬splurgen.卖弄, 炫耀swank n,vi 炫耀; 吹牛 show off 炫耀，卖弄...play the peacock 炫耀自己garish 炫耀的gewgawish 炫耀的

汗~总不可能指望这个学习吧……

一、介词的分类1.介词不能单独作句子的成分，而是用来表示名词或代词等和句中其他词之间的关系，通常放在名词或代词之前，构成介词短语。根据结构，介词主要分成四种：1）简单介词：about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, but, by, down, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, near, round, since, to, under, up, with等等。2）合成介词：inside, into, outside, throughout, upon, without, within3）短语介词：according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, owing to, up to, with reguard to4）分词介词：considering, reguarding, including, concerning2.从意思上考虑，介词可分为下面三类：1）引导时间短语的介词：at, on, in, during, before, after, over, from, following, by, till, until, towards, for, throughout, upon, since, pending, all through, prior to2) 引导地点状语的介词：in, at, across, to, down, under, near, between, over, from, into, through, onto, off, outside, out of, inside, within, beside, behind, below, among, beyond, against, around, before, up, ahead of, via, in front of, under, along, past, opposite, above, next to3) 引导其他短语的介词：by, with, about, except, like, of, according to, instead of, without, in, due to, because of, along with, as for, in spite of, on account of owing to, on behalf of, against, apart from, for, failing, plus, including, in regard to, with regard to二、介词短语在句子中的作用1.用作状语介词短语表示时间、地点、方式和原因等。如：Class begins at half past seven. (时间) 7时半开始上课。His parents work on a farm. (地点) 他父母在农场工作。She came here by train. (方式) 她乘火车来这里。You don’t have to worry about that. (原因) 你不必为那件事担心。2. 用作定语作定语用的介词短语应放在所修饰的名词之后。如：The book on the desk is very interesting. 书桌上的那本书很有趣。The young man from Guilin is my uncle. 从桂林来的那位年轻人是我叔叔。We visited the museum in the centre of the city. 我们参观了市中心的博物馆。3. 用作表语在系动词后的介词短语用作表语。如：My father was in the army two years ago. 两年前我父亲在部队。This book will be of great use to you. 这本书对你会有很大的用处。三、常用介词的用法英语介词并不很多，但其用法灵活多样。掌握常用介词的用法及常见的介词搭配，是学习英语的重点和难点。1.简单介词和复合介词1）about(关于，大约)：a book about animals 一本关于动物的书。2）above(在……上面)：a map above the blackboard 黑板上方的一张地图，above all 首要的是。3）across(穿过，跨过)：a bridge across the river 跨过河的一座桥4）after(在……之后)：after breakfast 早饭后，after school 放学后，after class 课后5）against(反对)：play against them 跟他们比赛。6）along(沿着)：plant trees along the lake 沿着湖边植树。7）among（在……之中）：among the workers 在工人们中间，among the trees 在树丛中。8）at(在)：at home在家，at school 在学校，at work 在工作。9）before(在……之前)：before class 课前，before lunch 午饭前10）behind(在……后面)：behind the house 在房子后面，behind the door 在门后。11）near(在……附近)：near the river 在河边，stand near the door 站在门旁。12) into(在……里)：come into the classroom 进入教室，fall into the water 掉进水里13）in(在……内，用，戴)：in English 用英语，in a hat 戴帽子，in front of 在……前面，in line 排成一行，in the end 最后，in the open air 在野外，in a minute立刻，in surprise 惊奇地，in time及时，in trouble 处在困难中。14）from(从)：from Monday to Friday 从星期一到星期五，from now on 从今以后。15）for (为，给)：buy some food for lunch 买些午餐的食物，for example 例如，for long 长久。16) except(除……之外)：everyone except Lin Tao 除林涛之外的每个人，every day except Sunday 除星期天之外的每天。17）by(乘，在，由，到)：by plane 乘飞机，by the way顺便说，by then 到那时，by the window 在窗边。18) between(在两者之间)：between the two children 在两个孩子之间，between A and B 在A 和B之间。19）beside(在……旁边)：sit beside her 坐在她身边，beside the river 在河边。20）below(在……以下)：below zero 零度以下。21）of(……的)：the name of the bird 鸟的名字，a map of China一幅中国地图。22）off（离开）：take off one’s clothes 脱掉衣服，go off 走开，turn off 关掉，get off the bus 下公共汽车。23）with ( 用，和，带着)：go to school with a bag带书包上学，see with one’s eyes 用眼睛看，with one’s help 在某人的帮助下，with pleasure 高兴。24）without（没有）：go out without a coat 没穿上衣服就走出去。25）until=till (直到……为止)：stay in bed until tomorrow 卧床直到明天，wait until ten o’ clock 等到10点钟为止。26）under（在……下面）：under the desk 在书桌下，under the tree 在树下27）to(给、对、到、往)：go to school 上学，give a kite to me 把风筝给我，from here to the park 从这里到公园。28）through（通过，穿过）：walk through the gate 走过大门。29）since (自从)：since1995 自从1995年以来。30）round=around（在……周围）：sit round the table 围着桌子坐，round the world 遍及全世界。31）over( 超过，多于)：over two years 两年多32）outside (在……之外)：outside of gate 在大门外。33）on(在、关于)：on one’s way home 回家路上， on duty 值日，on foot 步行，on top of 在……上面。on the earth 在地球上。四、常见介词搭配英语许多动词、形容词和名词都与特定的介词搭配，我们必须熟悉这些搭配关系。1.动词与介词（或副词）的搭配add…to 加到……上 agree with 同意（某人）arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问begin…with 从……开始 believe in 相信break into 闯入 break off 打断break out 爆发 bring down 降低bring in 引进 bring up 教育，培养build up 建起 burn down 烧光call back 回电话 call for 要求约请call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐clear up 整理，收拾 come about 发生，产生come across （偶然）遇见 come out 出来come to 共计 达到 compare…with 与……比较compare to 比作 cut off 切断 date from 始于 depend on 依靠devote to 献于 die out 灭亡divide up 分配 dream of 梦想fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒feed on 以……为食 get down to 专心于get through 通过 give in 让步，屈服give out 分发 give up 放弃 go abroad 出国 go against 反对go on with 继续 go through 浏览grow up 生长 hand down 传下来hear about 听说 hold out 伸出join up 连接起来 keep off 让开，不接近keep on 继续 lead to 导致live on 靠……为生 look down upon 看不起look forward to 盼望 look into 调查look out 当心 look(a) round 仔细查看set off 动身 set up 建立show off 炫耀 shut up 住口speed up 加速 stand for 代表，象征stick to 坚持 suffer from 遭受talk of 谈论 think of 考虑，想起try out 试验 turn down 调低turn off 关掉 worry about 担心2.介词成语1）英语中有大量成语由介词构成，单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语：at:at a stretch 一连，连续地 at a time 一次，每次at ease 稍息，安心 at first sight 一见（钟情）at first 最初，开始时 at heart 在内心at home 在家，随便 at last 最后at least 至少 at length 最后,详细地at most 至多 at once 立即，同时at peace(war) 处于和平（战争）状态 at play(work) 在玩耍（工作）at present 现在，目前 at random 随意地，胡乱地at the risk of 冒…的风险 at the same time （与此）同时at the start 一开头 at the time 此刻，这时at times 有时候 at will 任意地by:by accident 偶然 by air 航空by all means 想一切办法 by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士（飞机等）by chance 偶然 by cheque 用支票by choice 出于自愿 by daylight 在大白天by day(night) 白天（夜间） by force 靠武力by mistake 错误地，误把… by turns 轮流by surprise 突然，出其不意 by the way 顺便说一句in:in a sense 从某种意义上说 in addition(to) 此外（除…之外）in advance 事前 in all 总共in any case (event) 不管怎样，反正 in brief 简而言之in case 要是，如果 in case of 在…情况下in comparison 比较起来 in danger 处于危险中in debt 负债 in demand 有需求in detail 详细地 in fact 实际上in general 一般说来 in one’s opinion 在（某人）看来in order to (that) 以便，为了 in other words 换句话说in part(s) 部分地 in person 亲自in practice 实际上 in public(private) 公开（私下）地in regard to 关于 in short 总之in the end 最后 in the middle of 在…中间in time 及时地，经过一段时间 in vain 白白地，没有结果on:on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表（某人）on board 在船（飞机）上 on condition 在…条件下on duty 值班 on fire 着火on foot 步行 on guard 有警惕，值班on hand 在身边 on holiday 在休假on purpose 故意地 on sale 在出售on strike 罢工 on the contrary 相反on the way 在路上 on time 准时on the top of 在…上面 on the run 正在逃窜out of:out of action 失灵 out of breath 气喘吁吁out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脱离危险out of doors 在户外 out of fashion 不时新out of hand 失去控制 out of order 坏了out of reach 无法得到(拿到) out of sight 看不见out of temper 发脾气 out of question 不可能out of touch(with) 和…失去联系 out of tune 走调out of use 不再使用 out of work 失业2）有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语：day after day 日复一日地 year after year 年复一年one after another 一个接一个地 one by one 一个接一个little by little 一点一点地 side by side 并肩step by step 一步步地 face to face 面对面arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand 手牵手地day to day 日常的 day by day 一天一天地day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天heart to heart 互相交心的 3）还有一些成语包含两个介词：from beginning to end 从头至尾 from bad to worse 越来越糟from time to time 不时地 from head to foot 浑身from morning to night 从早到晚 from start to finish 从头至尾from door to door 挨门挨户地 from place to place 到各地from generation to generation 一代一代地 from cover to cover (书面) 全部地，从头至尾4）此外,“be+形容词+介词”也是一类成语：be found of 喜欢 be full of 充满be interested in 对…有兴趣 be keen on 热衷于be confident in 对…有信心 be short of 缺乏be sick of 厌恶 be proud of 对…感到骄傲be loyal to 对…忠诚 be ashamed of 为…感到羞耻be worried about 为…担心 be aware of 意识到be busy with 忙于（某事） be different from 和…不同be famous for 因…而出名强化练习题1. Some areas, _______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.A but for B in spite of C due to D with regard to2. Visitors are asked to comply ______ the regulations.A at B in C with D on3. He ______ so much work that he couldn’t really do it efficiently. A put on B took on C brought on D turned on4. In order to save time, I ______ my shopping to once a week.A cut off B cut out C cut up D cut down5. The idea has ______ that science cannot be wrong.A piled up B picked up C grown up D put up6. He did everything he could to prevent if from ______ into fighting.A breaking off B breaking up C breaking out D breaking of7. The construction of the new building will cost ______ 1,000,000 dollars, and it’s not easy toget so much money.A at last B at most C at least D at large8. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the light happened to ____.A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out9. Every morning she would give him breakfast____ bed and bring him the papers to read.A. to B. at C. in D. by10. Your performance in the driving test didn’t teach the required standard, ____, you failed.A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time11. Why don’t they build a new road that goes____ the town?A. to B. through C. over D. round12. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A. As B. For C. With D. Through13. _____ this book and tell me what you think of it.A. Look through B. Look on C. Look into D. Look up14. The doctor will be free ____.A. 10 minutes later B. after 10 minutes C. in 10 minutes D. 10 minutes after15. Did you have trouble ____ the post office?A. to have found B. with findingC. to find D. in finding16. If you keep on, you’ll succeed_____.A. in time B. at one time C. at the same time D. on time17. We offered him out congratulations_____ his passing the college entrance exams.A. at B. on C. for D. of18. ----How long has this bookshop been in business?A. After B. In C. From D. Since19. The train leaves at 6:oo pm. So I have to be at the station____5:40 pm at the latest.A. until B. after C. by D. around20. Does John know any other foreign language _____ French?A. except B. but C. besides D. beside答案与解析（部分）1---7（略）8. 答案是D。A和B与句意完全不符，put up 意为 “举起”，give in 意为 “让步”。C项意为“开灯”，与该句意思相反。D项意为 stop burning or shining, 正适合句意。9. 答案是C。本题考查bed 一词与什么介词搭配。“在床上”应上in bed。10. 答案是C。本题考查对几个介词短语的辨析。A项意为 最后，B项意为 毕竟，D项意为 同时，这三项均不符合句意。C项意为 换言之正合题意。11. 答案是D. 本题考查对这几个介词的辨析。A和C明显不符合题意。through通常是指通过某个空间，如go through a tunnel （通过隧道），因此C项也不合题意 。12. 答案是C. with 可表示原因，意为“因”、“由于”。13. 答案是A. Look on 意为“旁观”，look into 意为“调查”，look up 意为 “抬头看”，这几个选项均不符合题意。14. 答案是C。本题考查对表示时间的介词短语的掌握。in 与一段时间连用表示“…….之内”或“……之后”。 after与一段时间连用通常用于过去时。15. 答案是D 如果能掌握have trouble in doing something 这一句型，就知道答案了。16. 答案是A. 本题考查对介词短语的辨析能力。in time 除了意为“及时”外，还可为“迟早”、“总有一天”，相当于sooner or later/someday.17. 答案是B. 本题考查对介词与名词搭配的掌握。表示“向某人祝贺谋事”、常用的句型是offer somebody congratulations on something or doing something。18. 答案是D。问句使用现在完成时，只有since 才能与之搭配。19. 答案是C.20. 答案是C. 本题考查对习惯用语的掌握，help oneself to 是固定搭配。希望能帮到你。

初中中考重点语法！短语！句型！句型 语法建议你看课本附录 短语看词汇表很简单 但最有用

11. 动词的时态 11.1 一般现在时的用法 1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 返回动词的时态目录 11.2 一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？ 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。 3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着） Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去） 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2）情态动词 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？ 返回动词的时态目录 11.3 used to / be used to used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 返回动词的时态目录 11.4 一般将来时 1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？ 2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？ b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 返回动词的时态目录 11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 返回动词的时态目录 11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排） I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排） 返回动词的时态目录 11.7 一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。 2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3）在时间或条件句中。例如： When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。 返回动词的时态目录 11.8 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如： I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？ 返回动词的时态目录 11.9 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。 返回动词的时态目录 11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了） Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争） He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续） He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续） 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 返回动词的时态目录 11.11 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 （1） ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 （2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 返回动词的时态目录 11.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。） 注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 返回动词的时态目录 11.13 since的四种用法 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。 2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3） since +从句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 返回动词的时态目录 11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1） 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如： He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果） I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历） 2） 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如： He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。 返回动词的时态目录 11.15 过去完成时 1） 概念：表示过去的过去 ----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。 b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。 c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。 3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如： I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。 had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。 返回动词的时态目录 11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时 1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如： When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。 2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如： When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 返回动词的时态目录 11.17 将来完成时 1） 构成will have done 2） 概念 a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。 b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如： You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。 返回动词的时态目录 11.18 现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法： a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。） c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。 典型例题 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 返回动词的时态目录 11.19 不用进行时的动词 1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如： You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。 返回动词的时态目录 11.20 过去进行时 1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。 3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。 典型例题 1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。