中国会计准则的模式为原则导向,强调实质重于形式,采购谨慎性原则、减少方法的选择、充分披露,以此来克服机会主义的盈余管理。财政部自2006年颁布新的会计准则以来,陆续颁布了“新会计准则应用指南”以及3个解释公告。其中,在3号解释公告里提出了综合收益的(comprehensive income)概念。(Tips:如何理解comprehensive income?如可供出售金融资产,持有时其价值变动计入资本公积,一旦出售,就会进利润表,以综合收益的形式反映。comprehensive income 就是用来反映未来利润的。新准则修订了资产的定义:经济利益很可能流入企业,金额可以可靠计量,淡化了“过去交易”,主要也是为了配合“未来”交易,如亏损合同等)。
值得庆幸的是,09年6月美国会计准则的效力层次进行了调整,由原来的“most authoritative”和“Least authoritative”两个层次调整为“authoritative”和“non-authoritative”两个层次。也就是说,原来纷繁的条款(包括权威性强的和权威性弱的),现在就只有权威性或非权威性两种。而authoritative只包括两个:FASB accounting standards codification 和 Rules and interpretive releases of the SEC是有权威性的。
AICPA(美国注册会计师)考试只有四门考试科目,全球通过率在50%左右,1年12个月都可以参加考试,单科有效期18个月,成绩有效期内单科考试无次数限制,大多数考生基本1年考取。并且报考55州区要求各不相同,考生可以根据自己的情况灵活选择适合自己的报考州。AICPA考试一般州条件要求:1、学士学位或即将取得学士学位,个别州(例如:Vermont)可以允许大专学历2、120个以上总学分的规定(也有要求150个学分的州)3、具有一定会计学分和商业学分的规定4、有个别州(如Alaska)可以以一年会计师事务所工作经验代替所需会计学分以上要求往往需要同时具备。AICPA考试共有四科,分别是AUD,BEC,FAR,REG四科考试学习内容不同:■审计与鉴证 (AUD): This section covers knowledge of audits of issuer and non-issuer entities, attestation engagements for issuer and non-issuer entities, preparation, compilation and review engagements, and the skills needed to apply that knowledge.■商业环境与理论 (BEC): This section covers knowledge of the general business environment and business concepts that candidates need to know in order to perform audit, attest, accounting and review services, financial reporting, tax preparation, and other professional responsibilities in their role as certified public accountants, and the skills needed to apply that knowledge.■财务会计与报告 (FAR): This section covers knowledge of generally accepted accounting principles for business enterprises (public and nonpublic), not-for-profit entities, and state and local government entities, and the skills needed to apply that knowledge.■法律法规(REG): This section covers knowledge of federal taxation, ethics and professional responsibilities related to tax practice, and business law, and the skills needed to apply that knowledge.